仿生人工心脏瓣膜材料的研究进展

Advances of Biomimetic Materials in Artificial Heart Valve

治疗瓣膜性心脏病的重要方式是进行人工心脏瓣膜置换。通过仿生设计构建的人工心脏瓣膜材料,有利于在结构和性能上模拟天然组织,有望改善现有人工心脏瓣膜材料生物力学不匹配、生物耐久性较低等缺陷。以聚合物为原料制备的瓣膜具有高度可调可控性,表现出重现原生瓣膜三层异质、各向异性特点的显著优势。本文从人体原生瓣膜的结构和性能特点出发,重点关注其结构各向异性和力学各向异性特征,分析了仿生人工心脏瓣膜材料的设计思路;重点介绍了水凝胶瓣膜、纤维基瓣膜和水凝胶/纤维基复合瓣膜等聚合物瓣膜中涉及仿生材料的研究进展,提出根据原生瓣膜纤维层、海绵层和心室层各层结构、组分和功能进行更精确的仿生设计是仿生人工心脏瓣膜材料未来重要的优化方向。

Artificial heart valve replacement is an important way to treat valvular heart disease.The artificial heart valve materials constructed by bionic design are conducive to mimicking natural tissue in structure and performance,and are expected to improve the deficiencies of existing artificial heart valve materials such as biomechanical mismatch and low biological durability.The polymeric valve is highly adjustable and controllable,showing a significant advantage of reproducing the three⁃layer heterogeneous and anisotropic features of the native valves.This review is based on the structural and performance characteristics of human native valves,especially focusing on their structural anisotropy and mechanical anisotropy characteristics and analyzes the design ideas of biomimetic materials in artificial heart valve.The advances of biomimetic materials in polymeric valve are highlighted,including hydrogel valve,fiber⁃based valve,and hydrogel/fiber⁃based composite valve.It is proposed that more accurate bionic designs based on the structure,composition,and function of each layer,involving fibrosa,spongiosa and ventricularis of the native valve,can be an important future optimization direction for biomimetic materials in artificial heart valve.