简牍所见“受制”与秦汉诏令运作——兼论中古时期的“宣敕”

On the Implementation of the Imperial Edicts:Focused on the Interpretation of Shouzhi Seen in the Liye Bamboo Slip Scripts and Xuanchi Seen in Later Documents

据里耶秦简8-461记载,秦并天下后,改“受命”为“受制”。据岳麓秦简可知,“受制”是指官员听受并记录君主口谕,随后官员再行奏请君主发布诏令。这展现出君主集权下的君臣分工模式。“受诏”则指领受诏令,多不具备“受制”所蕴王言传达之义,其背后是“制”与“诏”的差异。带有口头色彩的“受命/制”出现于官僚制演生初期;随着文书行政机制的成熟、尚书机构的发展,“受制”在汉代消失。另一方面,中古时期诏令运作过程中的“宣”“宣敕”,与“受制”具有一定相似性,其间折射出汉唐间王言体系与中枢政务运行机制的变革与延续。

As seen in the bamboo slips unearthed in Liye,the Qin Dynasty started to use the term shouzhi(受制)to replace the previous shouming(受命)after its unification.Based on the Qin bamboo slips collected in Yuelu Academy,shouzhi,as a step of court procedure,refers to an official suggest of the court officials to the Emperor for issuing an edict after an oral instruction.Different from shouzhao(受诏),which means an official merely receives an edict,shouzhi reflects in certain degree of collaboration between the monarch and the officials.Behind this lies the difference between zhi(制)and zhao(诏).The practice of shouzhi disappeared during the Han Dynasty.However,the term xuanchi(宣敕)seen in the written sources dated to the Han to Tang Dynasties is to some degree similar to shouzhi.This reflected the continuation of the imperial edict systems from the Han to Tang Dynasties.