西安新发现的两座元代墓葬壁画颜料研究

Analysis of pigments in Yuan Dynasty tomb murals in Xi’an

西安市雁塔区集中发现了一处元代家族墓,是陕西重要考古新发现之一。其中两座编号为M38、M40的墓葬残留壁画,壁画残损但颜色鲜艳,基本保留了颜料层结构信息。为了解这两座元墓壁画的颜料类型,通过剖面显微观察、扫描电子显微镜-能谱、拉曼光谱和显微红外光谱分析等多种方法,对壁画颜料成分开展了调查分析。结果显示:壁画颜料包含矿物颜料和有机染料——红色颜料有铅丹、朱砂、铁红,黑色颜料为炭黑,白色颜料为白垩,绿色颜料为石绿,蓝色颜料为石青和靛蓝;墓葬M38的壁画有白灰层,墓葬M40的壁画无白灰层。靛蓝的应用是西安地区继唐代韩休墓壁画中发现之后的又一使用实例,为靛蓝在元代作为绘画材料在壁画中的使用提供了新的资料。研究结果也将为两处元代墓葬壁画后续的保护修复提供重要参考。

A family cemetery of the Yuan Dynasty was discovered in Yanta District of Xi’an,and represents one of the important new archaeological discoveries in Shaanxi Province.Residual murals of Tombs M38 and M40 were damaged but brightly colored,still basically retaining the structural information of the pigment layer.In order to understand the mural pigment types of the two Yuan tombs,cross-sectional analysis,microscopic infrared spectrometry,micro-Raman spectrometry,and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS)were used for scientific analysis.The results show that the pigments include mineral pigments and organic dyes:red pigments include red lead,cinnabar and iron red;the black one carbon black;the white one calcite;the green one malachite;blue ones azurite and indigo.The mural of Tomb M38 has a ground layer,but that of Tomb M40 does not.The application of indigo found this time is another use case following the murals of Han Xiu’s tomb of the Tang Dynasty in Xi’an,providing new information for the use of indigo as a painting material for Yuan Dynasty murals.The research results could also provide an important reference for the subsequent conservation and restoration of the murals in the two Yuan Dynasty tombs.