“隐蔽政策”与17—19世纪中日琉关系的变化

"The Policy of Concealment"and Changes in the Relations among China,Japan and Ryukyu in the 17th-19th Centuries

17世纪后期清朝国力逐渐强大后,江户幕府制订“隐蔽政策”,维持琉球自主,借以获得中国商品与情报。在江户幕府的贸易禁令下,萨摩藩受到许多限制,琉球却获得贩卖唐物与砂糖、渡唐银资金保证、收购海产品等特权,使萨摩藩放松对琉球的控制。通过“渡唐银”集资与渡唐役人的挑选,琉球王府得到琉球士族的支持,并能按出资比例分享朝贡贸易的利润,更推动“中国化”改革措施,改造琉球社会文化,确保琉球王府的统治权。清朝虽察觉异状,但琉球借“度佳喇”向日琉两国求援的名义,掩护萨摩武士的活动,保住朝贡贸易的资格。由此可见琉球借中国之势,维持自主,而日琉两国在对抗与合作中寻求平衡的模式,也让17—19世纪的中日琉关系维持相对的安定。

In the late 17th century when the Qing Dynasty gradually established itself,the Edo Shogunate of Japan formulated a"concealment policy"under which Ryukyu maintained its"independence",hoping to obtain Chinese goods and intelligence.The Edo Shogunate restricted the trade of Satsuma,but granted Ryukyu many privileges,such as the sale of Chinese goods and sugar,the guarantee of funds for trade in China,and the purchase of seafood products in large quantities,which made Satsuma relax its control over Ryukyu.Through supporting the fundraising of"Dutang Yin"(fund supporting tribute trade)and selection of the personnel sent to trade in China,the Ryukyu royal family gained the support of the Ryukyu gentry,and could share the profits of the tribute trade according to the proportion of contribution,which promoted the"Sinicization"reform measures to transform the Ryukyu social culture and ensured the rule of the Ryukyu royal family.Although the Qing Dynasty detected that something was wrong,Ryukyu pretended that"Tokara"asked for help from Japan and Ryukyu as an excuse to cover the activities of the Satsuma warriors and maintain their qualifications for tribute trade.It can be seen that Ryukyu maintained its independence by taking advantage of China's power,and the way Japan and Ryukyu seeking a balance in confrontation and cooperation also kept Sino-Japanese-Ryukyu relations relatively stable in the 17th to 19th centuries.