惩罚性赔偿在体育赛事节目盗播案中的适用:以《民法典》和《著作权法》修改为中心

The Application of Punitive Damages in the Case of Stealing Broadcast of Sports Programs:Focusing on the Amendment of Civil Code and Copyright Law

每当大型赛事举办时,互联网上总会出现盗播赛事节目的行为,而法院在盗播案中判决盗播者承担数额偏低、仅具有补偿性质赔偿金的做法,未有效阻止盗播行为。于2021年施行的《民法典》与新《著作权法》中规定侵权人故意侵害他人著作权情节严重的要承担惩罚性赔偿,这意味着2021年后的赛事节目盗播案中,被侵权人可要求侵权人承担补偿性与惩罚性两笔赔偿金。赛事节目盗播案适用惩罚性赔偿要符合“侵害知识产权、主观故意、情节严重、被侵权人请求”四个条件。将赛事节目认定为著作权法上的作品才能使盗播行为属于侵犯著作权的行为。盗播者既违背了对赛事节目授权的注意义务又对赛事节目有推介编辑行为的可认定其主观上具有故意。在惩罚性赔偿诉讼中,经赛事组织者授权的转播者可作为被侵权人,享有诉讼权。转播者要在诉讼中明确主张著作权被侵犯才可要求适用惩罚性赔偿,且应将惩罚性赔偿与补偿性赔偿一并主张。法官综合被侵权人损失、盗播者获利与赛事产业发展等因素在补偿性赔偿额基数上确立惩罚性赔偿额。

Every time a large-scale event is held,there will always be illegal broadcasting of event programs on the Internet.However,in the case of illegal broadcasting,the court generally rules that the amount of compensation paid by the illegal broadcaster is low and only has the nature of compensation,which does not effectively prevent the illegal broadcasting.The Civil Code and the new Copyright Law implemented in 2021 stipulate that the infringer who intentionally infringes the copyright of others should bear punitive damages if the circumstances are serious,which means that in the case of illegal broadcasting of event programs after 2021,the infringed can ask the infringer to bear compensatory and punitive damages.The application of punitive damages in the case of illegal broadcasting of event programs should meet the four conditions of"infringement of copyright,subjective intention,serious circumstances and the request of the infringed".Only when the event program is recognized as a work in the copyright law can the illegal broadcasting be an infringement of copyright.If the illegal broadcaster not only violates the duty of care for the authorization of the event program,but also has the behavior of promoting and editing the event program,it can be deemed that he has subjective intention.In the punitive damages litigation,the broadcaster authorized by the event organizer can be the infringed and enjoy the right of action.The broadcaster can only claim punitive damages if he claims that the copyright has been infringed,and he should claim both punitive damages and compensatory damages.The judge combines the loss of the infringed,the profit of the illegal broadcaster and the development of the event industry to establish the amount of punitive damages on the basis of compensatory damages.