滇池外来水生植物种类组成与分布特征研究

Study on Species Composition and Distribution Characteristics of Alien Aquatic Macrophytes in Dianchi Lake

2019-2020年通过开展滇池外来水生植物现场调查,同时借助卫星遥感与无人机影像的解译,对目前滇池外来水生植物的种类、生活型、原产地、入侵等级以及主要外来种的分布状况进行了研究,以了解滇池外来水生植物的现存情况,为滇池生态保护、外来水生植物监测及科学防控提供基础性资料。结果表明:滇池外来水生植物共有8科14属14种,其中湿生植物7种,挺水植物3种,漂浮植物2种,沉水植物2种;起源于南美洲的水生植物外来种有8种,北美洲4种,非洲1种,亚洲(中国其他区域)1种;Ⅰ级恶性入侵种有7种,Ⅲ级局部入侵种有2种,Ⅴ级有待观察种有5种。滇池主要外来水生植物粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)分布于滇池外海西南岸、南岸、东南岸,总面积达733.40亩,约占滇池外海水生植物总面积的4.11%;凤眼蓝(Eichhornia crassipes)分布于滇池外海西南岸和南岸,总面积为177.73亩,约占滇池外海水生植物总面积的1.00%。滇池受到外来水生植物入侵的因素可归纳为生境碎片化、水质恶化和水生态退化3个方面,而营造湖滨适宜生境、减轻水体富营养化和恢复乡土水生植物可能是防止滇池外来水生植物入侵的有效机制。

From 2019 to 2020,through the field investigation of alien aquatic macrophytes in Dianchi Lake,and with the help of satellite remote sensing and UAV image interpretation,species composition,life forms,origin,invasion levels and the distribution of major alien aquatic macrophytes were studied,so as to understand the existing situation of alien aquatic macrophytes in Dianchi Lake,and provide basic data for ecological protection,monitoring and scientific prevention and control.The results showed that there were 14 species of alien aquatic macrophytes belonging to 14 genera and 8 families in Dianchi Lake,including 7 species of hygrophytes,3 species of emergent plants,2 species of floating plants and 2 species of submerged plants;There are 8 species of alien aquatic macrophytes originated in South America,4 species in North America,1 species in Africa,and 1 species in Asia(other regions of China);There are 7 malignant invasive species in gradeⅠ,2 local invasive species in gradeⅢ,and 5 species to be observed in gradeⅤ.Myriophyllum aquaticum,the main alien aquatic macrophytes in Dianchi Lake,is distributed in the southwest,south and southeast banks of the Waihai,with a total area of 733.40 mu,accounting for about 4.11%of the total area of aquatic macrophytes;Eichhornia crassipes,with a total area of 177.73 mu,is distributed on the southwest and south banks of the Waihai,accounting for about 1.00%of the total area of aquatic macrophytes.The invasion factors of Dianchi Lake by alien aquatic macrophytes can be summarized as three aspects:habitat fragmentation,water quality deterioration and water ecological degradation.The effective mechanisms to prevent the invasion of alien aquatic macrophytes may be to create suitable lakeside habitats,reduce water eutrophication and restore native aquatic macrophytes.