极地微生物资源的研究现状及挑战

Research status and challenges of polar microbial resources

南极和北极区域存在着苔原、冻土、海洋、冰川、湖泊和高山等多种地质地貌,其低温、干燥、强辐射和贫瘠等环境形成了独特而多样化的微生物群落,是微生物资源的宝库。本文对极地微生物的低温酶、多糖以及其代谢产物(抗菌活性物质、表面活性剂、色素、挥发性有机物等)的功能和应用进行了概述,综述了极地微生物及其模式菌株的种类和保藏量,以及极地微生物专利申请和相关研究机构的现况,探讨了在极地微生物勘探中关于可培养性、宏基因组方法以及大数据的挑战。

There are diverse geological landforms such as tundras,frozen soils,oceans,glaciers,lakes,and mountains in the Antarctic and Arctic regions.The low temperatures,dryness,strong radiation,and barren environments shape unique and diverse microbial communities,which are a treasure trove of microbial resources.This article introduces the functions and applications of low-temperature enzymes,polysaccharides,and metabolites(antimicrobial substances,surfactants,pigments,volatile organic compounds,etc.)of polar microorganisms,the diversity and collection of polar microbial resources and type strains,and the current status of polar microbial patent applications and related research institutions.Furthermore,this paper briefs the challenges of culturability,metagenomic analysis,and digital sequence data in polar microbial prospecting.