产业政策实践与美欧关系中的摩擦和协调

The Practice of Industrial Policy and Discord and Coordination in Transatlantic Relations

修复并提升美国与其欧洲盟友的关系,是拜登政府外交政策的重要着力点。在此过程中,产业政策成为影响美欧关系的重要议题之一。在大飞机、半导体和电动汽车三个关键的制造业领域,行业的市场结构与各自企业在产业链中的地位,塑造了美国与欧盟在产业政策摩擦与协调中的激励环境和议价能力,推动双方在不同行业形成了差异化的竞合模式。产业政策议题在美国与欧盟之间引起的外交分歧,不仅缘于争夺市场份额的经济逻辑,也缘于双方经济体制差异而导致的制度性摩擦。拜登政府强势的产业政策实践,对依赖竞争政策进行经济与产业治理的欧盟造成显著冲击。面对美国强加的竞争压力,欧盟在实施产业政策与维护单一市场之间陷入了两难境地。与此同时,美国与欧盟在经济与产业领域合作制度建设的滞后,也制约着双方化解产业政策摩擦与深化合作的能力和效率。

Revitalizing the relationship between the US and its European allies is one of the focuses of the Biden Administration's foreign policy and during this process,industrial policy has become a key issue affecting the dynamics of transatlantic relations.In three critical manufacturing sectors-large aircraft,semiconductors,and electric vehicles-the industry's market structure and the positions of local companies in the industry chains have shaped the incentive context and bargaining power of the US and the EU respectively amid friction and coordination of their industry policies,leading to varying modes of competition and collaboration in different sectors.The diplomatic friction over industrial policies between the US and the EU is driven by the institutional differences in their economic systems,which is more than a race to secure market shares.The Biden Administration's assertive industrial policy programs for semiconductor and electric vehicles have directly burdened the EU's economic and industrial governance.Faced with the competitive pressure imposed by the US,the EU finds itself in a dilemma between implementing industrial policies and maintaining the single market.Meanwhile,the deficient institutionalization of economic and industrial cooperation between the US and the EU has hampered both sides'capabilities and efficiency in resolving disputes and deepening cooperation over industrial policy.