法定物权的自由展开:经济分析与法律教义

Free Unfolding of Legally Recognized Property Rights:Economic Analysis and Legal Doctrines

当事人之间创设的财产权能否对外充分公示并因此取得对抗第三人等法律效力,是物权和债权的功能性区分标准。对于不动产和可登记的动产而言,在当前基本实现集中登记的背景下,物权自由模式并不会引发高昂的新物权样态创设成本、公示系统成本和权属识别成本,也不会因更复杂的样态阻碍财产价值的后续发现。相反,自由模式不仅更有助于促进财产权的高效分割和利用,而且还更有助于充分利用以巨额投资搭建的登记公示系统。因自由创设而生的背俗物权样态,可根据当代民法应对这类问题的一般经验,通过一套事前与事后审查相结合的个案排除机制来处理。在《民法典》规定的物权样态之外,新的物权样态已经在地方实施层面自由展开。有必要在法定的物权样态之上认真评估并系统构建新样态的展开机制和法律教义,以解决消极限制型地役权、约定优先购买权、排他性购买权和附条件回赎权等新样态的实践刚需。

The functional demarcation between property rights and personal rights shall be based on whether the patrimonial rights in relation to things crafted by contracting parties can be adequately posted in a public notice and thereby acquire prior legal effects against third parties.In the context of establishing a largely unitary title registry system for immovables and registrable movables,the implementation of numerus apertus principle that grants parties the freedom to craft and register property rights will not incur substantial costs in creating new forms of patrimonial rights,nor in their notification and verification.Neither will it hinder the subsequent exploitation of property carrying complicated forms of rights.In fact,numerus apertus not only facilitates efficient partitioning and utilization of proprietary rights,but also maximizes the benefits of the heavily invested registration system.Forms of property rights violating public order and good morals as a result of customization can be addressed through a case-by-case excluding mechanism consisting of both ex ante and ex post reviews.This approach aligns with the general method of contemporary civil law in addressing such violations.Beyond the property rights stipulated by the Civil Code,new forms of property rights have emerged at the local implementation level.It is vital to undertake a serious evaluation and systematically build a mechanism for developing new forms of property rights,on top of statutorily recognized forms,so as to aid in the practical crafting of new forms,such as negatively restrictive easement,agreement on the right of pre-emption,right of exclusive purchasing,and conditional right of redemption.