生态环境犯罪中的拟制财产权

Fictitious Property Rights in Ecological Environment Crime

生态环境犯罪是指以生态环境为侵害对象的犯罪行为。无论是作为生态系统要素,还是国家或集体所有的自然资源,生态环境犯罪所指向的对象均具有一定的财产价值形态。由于生态系统要素与自然资源在财产形态、财产性质、与人的生活利益的紧密程度上均与普通财产权存在显著差异,因此无论从解释论、立法论还是司法论上,均应将生态环境犯罪的实质客体转化为可度量的权利形态后方可引入司法裁量。生态环境犯罪的实质客体是生态法益,其内容主要包括环境安全利益、环境健康利益、环境生活利益等。生态法益的测量需进行技术性转化,不宜以“虚拟治理成本法”“条件价值法”等评估方式将生态环境损失数额直接评价为生态环境犯罪的全部危害结果,而应将其转化为拟制财产权或财产利益后方可引入司法裁量。在生态环境犯罪的司法判断中,应坚持全面评价原则,并在主客观相一致原则、罪责刑相适应原则及社会相当性原则等的约束下进行综合裁量,如此方能更好地促进生态文明与传统物质文明刑法保障的均衡实现与协调发展。

Ecological environment crime refers to the criminal act of taking the ecological environment as the object of infringement.Whether it is an element of the ecosystem or a natural resource owned by the state or collective,the object of ecological environment crime has a certain form of property value.Since ecosystem elements and natural resources are significantly different from ordinary property rights in terms of property form,property nature,and the degree of association with people's life interests,judicial discretion can only be introduced after the substantive object of ecological environment crime is transformed into a measurable form of right from the perspective of interpretation,legislation and justice.The substantive object of ecological environment crime is ecological legal interests,which mainly include environmental safety interests,environmental health interests,environmental life interests,etc.The measurement of ecological legal benefits requires technical transformation,and it is not appropriate to directly evaluate the amount of ecological environment loss as the entire harmful result of ecological environment crime by means of‘virtual cost governance method','conditional value method'and other evaluation methods.Instead,it should be converted into fictitious property rights or property interests before judicial discretion is introduced.In the judicial judgment of ecological environment crime,we should adhere to the principle of overall evaluation,and make comprehensive judgments under the constraints of the principle of subjective and objective consistency,the principle of consistent crime,responsibility and punishment,and the principle of social equivalence,so that we can better promote the balanced realization and coordinated development of the criminal law protection of ecological civilization and traditional material civilization.