增材制造聚合物功能梯度材料研究进展

Advances of polymer functionally gradient materials by additive manufacturing

聚合物功能梯度材料(PGMs)是一种以聚合物为连续相,多种材质相互耦合,组成结构和性能在材料空间方向上进行连续梯度变化的非均质复合材料。传统PGMs制备方法存在原理复杂、难定制、通用性差等问题。本文介绍了增材制造(AM)基于“离散-堆积”的成型原理和优势,综述了适用于PGMs的增材制造技术:熔融沉积成型、直写成型、立体光固化、喷射成型和选择性激光烧结的功能梯度材料成型基本原理、材料特点和性能。虽然在增材制造制备PGMs的过程中存在缺乏设计准则、表征方法和系统研究方法等问题。但是,随着对增材制造新概念材料进行基础科学研究的深入,以及针对特定使役条件和工艺性能的具体应用不断发展,增材制造将成为PGMs制备的一种极佳方法。

Polymer functionally gradient materials(PGMs)are heterogeneous polymer-based composites,where their compositions or structures change continuously in one or multi-spatial directions.Traditional methods for preparing PGMs suffer from complexity,customization difficulties,and poor universality.This article introduced the advantages of additive manufacturing(AM)based on the“discrete-stacking”principle and summarized the fundamental principles,material characteristics and properties of PGM formation using AM techniques,including fused deposition molding,direct ink writing,vat photopolymerization,materials jetting and selective laser sintering.Although preparing PGMs using AM posed challenges such as the lack of design criteria,characterization methods and systematic research methods,AM would become an excellent method for PGM preparation with the deepening of basic scientific research on new AM materials and the continuous development of specific applications for service conditions and process performance.