网络空间与霸权护持——美国网络安全战略的迭代演进与驱动机制

Cyberspace and Hegemony Maintenance:The Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of U.S.National Cybersecurity Strategies

拜登政府于2023年3月发布了《国家网络安全战略》,这是自小布什政府以来美国发布的第四份网络安全战略报告。作为在网络空间拥有非对称技术资源优势与支配地位的国家,美国的国家网络安全战略始终以护持网络霸权为目标。从小布什政府、奥巴马政府到特朗普政府,再到拜登政府,美国在网络空间的战略目标从国内控制、国际塑造、单边护持,发展为多边“竞赢”;其针对网络安全的策略也经历了本土防御、网络威慑、进攻性行动与综合性遏制四个阶段。美国政府相继推出的网络安全战略既具有延续性,又存在显著差异,其背后反映出美国对网络空间、自身实力地位与安全威胁的认知演化。随着综合实力的变化,美国对于自身所面临的外部环境的认知发生了转变,对网络空间安全威胁的认知也不断变化。在地缘政治与网络空间安全化等因素的影响下,美国针对网络安全的战略叙事也随之变化,这成为美国国家网络安全战略演进的主要驱动机制,由此加剧了网络空间的泛安全化与意识形态化。

In March 2023,the Biden administration released its National Cybersecurity Strategy,the fourth cybersecurity strategy document published by the U.S.federal government over the past two decades.As a country possessing asymmetric technological advantages and a dominant position in cyberspace,the United States has enshrined maintaining cyber hegemony as its chief goal.From the Bush administration to the Trump administration,and now under the Biden administration,U.S.strategic objectives in cyberspace have evolved from domestic control and international shaping to unilateral maintenance and multilateral out-competing.The strategic choices for cybersecurity have also undergone four developmental stages:homeland defense,cyber deterrence,offensive actions,and comprehensive containment.The successive national cybersecurity strategies released by the U.S.government demonstrate certain continuities as well as significant differences,reflecting evolution in U.S.perception regarding cyberspace,its own power status,and security threats.With the change in its relative comprehensive strength,the United States has undergone a major shift in its understanding of the external environment,including a changing perception of cyber threats.Driven by geopolitical factors and the securitization process in cyberspace,U.S.strategic narratives regarding cybersecurity have also changed,becoming the primary mechanisms driving U.S.national cybersecurity strategy.This in turn intensifies the securitization and ideologization of cyberspace.