宫崎市定“唐宋变革论”辨析

Analysis on Miyazaki Ichisada's"Tang-Song Transformation Theory"

内藤湖南的“唐宋变革论”(也称为“宋代近世说”),作为宋史研究中重要的理论范式,影响深远。宫崎市定光大其师内藤湖南的理论,沿袭欧洲历史的分期方法,将东洋历史分成古代、中世纪、现代(近世)三期,并认为宋代应为“近世”的开端。对此,宫崎市定所持的两个主要论证核心是“政治上的统一趋势”和“民族主义运动”。然而,中国古代王朝将“天下”视作自身的统御范围,这与近现代“国家”的领土不同,其根本政治理念“大一统”的涵义并不局限于“领土”方面的统一,因此也就无法通过近现代国家“领土”的扩张,证明古代王朝具备“先进性”和“领导性”。宫崎市定还将中国古代的“夷夏”观念和近现代的民族主义直接对比,过分夸大了宋代“夷夏”之间的对立,并将这种对立中的强弱看作彼此征伐、吞并的正当理由,从而暴露出其为日本侵华建构合法性的目的。

Miyazaki Ichisada further developed"The Theory of the Modern Song Dynasty"(also known as"The Tang-Song Transformation Theory"),a hypothesis proposed by his teacher Natio Konan,one that has farreaching influence in studies of the history of the Song Dynasty.Miyazaki Ichisada followed the historical periodization approach originated in Europe,dividing the history of East Asia into three periods including the ancient,the medieval,and the modern times,and he argued that the Song Dynasty was the beginning of the modern times.In this case,the two main core arguments held by Miyazaki Ichisada are"political unification"and"nationalist movement."However,ancient Chinese dynasties regarded all"under the heaven"as the ruling area on their own terms,which is different from the"territory"in modern states.The principle political philosophy"the Great Unification"was not limited to territorial unification.Hence,the invasion of territory in modern times cannot prove the"progressive nature"and"leadership"of ancient dynasties.Moreover,the ancient Chinese perspective of"Yi"and"Xia"was in direct contrast to nationalism in modern times.Miyazaki Ichisada exaggerated antithesis between the"Yi"and"Xia"in the Song Dynasty and deemed it as just cause for military conflicts,whose goal,as revealed,was to justify Japan's invasion of China.