美国高温适应规划探索及凤凰城实践的探究与启示

Exploration of Heat Adaptation Planning in the US and Practical Experiences from Phoenix

全球气候变暖和城市热岛效应加剧,城市极端高温频发,严重威胁居民健康安全和城市高质量发展。积极应对城市高温频发增发的复合趋势已成为当今世界及今后人类共同面临的挑战,不同类型的空间适应性实践与关注频率都显著性上升,但目前仍缺少明确且完善的高温适应规划体系,美国作为国际高温适应规划的先行代表,积累了一定的高温规划实践探索经验。因此,本文通过梳理美国高温适应规划编制实践,剖析“首席高温官制度、适应规划体系、线上—线下技术支持”三大启示经验,以美国典型高温城市亚利桑那州凤凰城的高温应对为例,详细阐述地方州府在综合规划、分区规划、功能性规划、高温应对规划四个不同层面以及基于城市和社区两个不同尺度的高温应对规划实践探索。结合我国地理国情与空间规划编制体系,围绕构建气候适应性的高温应对规划目标,借鉴美国凤凰城高温应对的实践经验,提出建立“线上—线下”高温适应规划框架、多层级的规划编制体系、多主体多目标相结合的绩效评估机制。本文旨在推进我国构建完整明确的高温编制体系落地与实践提供借鉴。

Global warming and the urban heat island effect have impacts on cities,triggering extreme heat in cities,seriously threatening the health and safety of residents and the high-quality development of cities.Actively responding to the compound trend of frequent and increasing urban heat has become a common challenge for the world and the future of mankind,and the frequency of different types of spatial adaptation practices and concerns has increased significantly.However,there is a less comprehensive high-temperature adaptation planning system.The U.S.,as a pioneer experimentalist in international high-temperature adaptation planning,has accumulated a certain amount of experience in exploring high-temperature planning practices.The three major spatial planning features of heat adaptation are the“Chief Heat Officer System,Adaptation Planning System,and Online Offline Technical Support”.Firstly,multiple cities in the United States have established“Chief Heat Officers”through government enterprise cooperation,to clarify functional departments through institutional changes and enable cities to carry out targeted and refined planning to find ways to cool down cities,such as Miami.Secondly,it is essential to integrate heat adaptation planning actions into different levels of spatial planning.In comprehensive planning,the government mobilizes local enthusiasm and transmits the concept of heat by establishing heat projects.The zoning plan needs to clarify the bottom-line control of different urban heat adaptation strategies during urban building behavior.Functional planning proposes to highlight the importance of heat segments in climate adaptation actions.The government is adding specialized plans for urban heat adaptation,and establishing a clear system of technical manuals and standards for urban heat mitigation and adaptation.The document calls for the improvement of the degree of convergence between different types of plans,and the broadening of the response content of relevant plans around urban heat response.Thirdly,starting in June 2015,the federal government,relying on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States and the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration,established the National Urban Heat Health Information System,aiming to integrate and provide comprehensive information and resources on urban heat health,serving as a public display platform for comprehensive information on urban heat health,and bridging the current situation of weak downward transmission of urban heat warning information.As an example,the heat response in Phoenix,Arizona,a typical hot city in the United States,known as the Valley of the Sun.This paper describes in detail what the local state government has done at four different levels:comprehensive planning,zoning planning,functional planning,and heat response planning.Phoenix has the first fully funded“Chief Heat Officer”in U.S.history,who is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the city’s heat response.In the Comprehensive Plan,the government initiated the“Heat Preparedness”program,which launched a website platform for heat emergency response and vulnerability communication and made it available to the public.The zoning plan identifies shade standards and promotes the use of new materials.Functional planning focuses on urban plant shade masterplans and transport sector plans for slow-moving cool trails.Specialized response planning for heat adaptation around communities,such as Eastlake,Mesa,and Lindo,focusing on slow-moving and public spaces as key areas,and screening highly sensitive and vulnerable areas through a multifaceted and collaborative approach to implanting spatial design strategies to enhance urban heat resilience and heat resistance.Combined with China’s geographic conditions and spatial planning system,it focuses on building climate-adaptive heat response planning objectives and draws on the practical experience of heat response in Phoenix,U.S.A.It proposes the establishment of an“online-offline”heat adaptation planning framework,a multilevel planning system,and a performance evaluation mechanism combining multiple subjects and multiple objectives.Based on the digital information of one map of the national territory space,it is possible to dock the national and even global heat meteorological data,and actively improve the urban information platform and operation and management service platform,to create a twin urban operation space.At the level of master planning,it is necessary to adhere to the safety bottom line,incorporate heat resilience into the“urban strategic objectives”,and optimize the ecological space and urban space pattern through key projects,to build a system for the transmission of the concept of heat resilience in the whole region.In the detailed planning process,through the three-level subdivision of“unit-block-plot”,the unit level clarifies the focus of its development and closely follows the scale of the indicators in the master plan;the block level focuses on the control from the perspective of the residents’living circle;and the plot development details implement the control of specific heat indicator elements.It is necessary to increase the number of special urban heat adaptation plans,including the contents of heat impact prediction,heat warning and emergency response,spatial vulnerability analysis,mitigation measures design,heat management guidelines,implementation assessment,and feedback.It also integrates the vitality of multiple actors to build a model of heat co-adaptation in which the city’s administrative,market,and community mechanisms are complementary and synergistic.This article aims to provide references for the implementation and practice of building a complete and clear urban heat adaptation system in China.