吕雉形象接受情况的变化分析

On the Image and Acceptance of Lv Zhi Before the Eastern Han Dynasty

学界关于吕雉的研究多为生前史,而乏身后史;其身后史研究可以使其历史形象更丰满、更完整。陆贾的《楚汉春秋》与司马迁的《史记》是记载吕雉事迹的较早资料。陆著关于吕的记载残缺不全,但从仅存资料可以看出吕雉是位慈母。《史记》记载吕雉事迹最为详实,后人对吕雉的认识也多来源于此。其中吕雉形象不仅具有孝女贤妻良母的品质,而且具有英明、果断、爱民的政治家的美德。吕雉去世后,其接受情况随时代的变化而不同。在文景时期,吕后的执政影响依然存在,这从长陵墓葬可以看出。武帝时期,随着皇权、男权观念的加强,女性干政受到排斥,吕后在人们心中的地位开始受到影响。西汉后期,人们对吕后的非议仍停留在杀赵王如意上。西汉末年赤眉军在长安遭遇饥困,挖掘长陵,污秽吕后尸,此后,吕雉的历史地位急剧下降。东汉刘秀直接废除吕后的高后身份,而代之以薄姬。

The research on Lv Zhi,were about her lifetime but not about the history after death.Her history of accep⁃tance after death can make her story more complete.“Chu and Han Dynasties”by Lu Jia and“Shih Chi”by Sima Qian were the early documents containing the story of Lv Zhi.Lu Jia’s works was uncomplicated,but according to the only references,we can see that Lv Zhi was a kind mother.“Shih Chi”,Lv Zhi’s story was the most accurate,so,people study Lv Zhi accord⁃ing to this book.In this book,Lv Zhi was not only a good daughter,a good wife,a good mother,but also a wise,decisive,fra⁃ternity stateswoman.After the death of Lv Zhi,her acceptance changed with times.During the reigns of emperors Wenhuang⁃di and Jinghuangdi,the effect by Queen Lv still existed,which can be seen in Changling Tom.During the reign of Emperor Wudi,with the strengthening of the male power and the imperial power,females were not accepted in political life,so the po⁃sition of Lv Zhi was affected in people’s concept.In the late Western Han Dynasty,people criticized Lv Zhi about her killing King Ruyi.By the end of Western Han,the Chimei Up-risers were banned in Chang’an,in hunger.They uncovered Chan⁃gling Tom and spoiled Lv Zhi’s corps.Afterwards,Lv Zhi’s position declined quickly.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,Emperor Liu Xiu revoked her Queen and give the honor to Ms Bo,the concubine.