非物质文化遗产产权保护的法律逻辑以民间文学艺术产权为中心

Legal Logic of Intangible Cultural Heritage Property Protection:with Focus on the Property Rights of Folk Literature and Art

民间文学艺术产权保护是非物质文化遗产保护的重要内容,一直受到各界关注,既有保护成效也面临共同困难。平衡民间文学艺术的公法赋权与私法赋权,划分民间文学艺术产权范围,协调民间文学艺术产权归属,是目前民间文学艺术产权保护立法面临的三大难题。构建民间文学艺术产权保护制度的基本进路是:采用特别权利制度模式,构建民间文学艺术特别私权保护制度;将已公开民间文学艺术纳入公有领域,但受公有领域付费使用制度的限制,将秘密性、半公开民间文学艺术纳入私权领域,由私法赋予私权;将相关行政村确定为民间文学艺术私权主体,难以确定私权主体的,则由政府相关主管部门代表国家享有和行使相关权利。另外,为促进民间文学艺术相关权利的实现,可指定集体管理组织,对民间文学艺术进行集体管理。民间文学艺术产权有效保护的法律路径,能够为其他非物质文化遗产保护进一步丰富制度资源和实践路径。

The protection of the property rights of folk literature and art is an important aspect of intangible cultural heritage protection,which has been widely concerned and faces both protection achievements and common difficulties.Balancing the public law empowerment and private law empowerment of folk literature and art,dividing the scope of folk literature and art property rights,and coordinating the ownership of folk literature and art property rights are currently the three major challenges faced by the legislative protection of folk literature and art property rights.The basic approach to constructing the protection system of folk literature and art property rights is as follows:adopting the special rights system model so as to construct the special private rights protection system of folk literature and art;incorporating publicly disclosed folk literature and art into the public domain,but subject to the limitations of the paid use system of the public domain,incorporating secret and semi-public folk literature and art into the private rights domain,and granting private rights by private law;determining relevant administrative villages as the private rights subjects of folk literature and art,and if the private rights subjects cannot be determined,the relevant government departments shall represent the state in enjoying and exercising relevant rights.In addition,in order to promote the realization of related rights of folk literature and art,collective management organizations can be designated to carry out collective management of folk literature and art.The effective legal path of protecting the property rights of folk literature and art can further enrich the institutional resources and practice paths for the protection of other intangible cultural heritage.