《诗经》中贵族诗篇的“崇德”意识与话语方式

The Advocating Virtue Consciousness and Discourse Style of Noble Poems in Shi Jing

在西周初中期的诗篇中,“德”是王室主导的一种话语修辞:“德”是王室获得“天命”的根由,是王室推行政策等行为的一种修辞话语,是王室对贵族的一种期待和要求。这三个方面到厉、宣时期有了新的变化:“德”由对贵族群体的要求在厉王时期变为贵族针对王个人的纳谏话语,诗篇对王室修养之“德”的歌唱转为颂赞贵族的修辞话语,诗篇对王室“德”政继承性的鼓吹转变为对军事战功的修辞话语。幽平之际,贵族诗篇对于“德”的宣扬,由于作者的身份以及面对的对象的不同,又呈现出不同的时代特征与话语形式。

In the poetry of the middle period of the Western Zhou Dynasty,“virtue”is a discourse rhetoric dominated by the royal family:“virtue”is the foundation for the royal family to obtain“destiny”,a rhetorical discourse for the royal family to implement policies and other behaviors,and a kind of expectation and demand from the royal family towards the nobles.The role of virtue in these three aspects has undergone new changes during the reigns of King Li and King Xuan of Zhou.Firstly,“virtue”changed from a requirement for the aristocratic group during the reign of King Li to a rhetorical discourse for the nobles to express their personal admonition towards the king.The poetry’s singing of“virtue”in the cultivation of the royal family has been transformed into a rhetorical discourse praising the nobles.The poetry’s advocacy for the inheritance of the royal“virtue”in politics was transformed into a rhetorical discourse for military achievements.During the period of King You and King Ping of Zhou,the poetry advocating“virtue”presented different characteristics and discourse forms of the times due to the different identities of the authors and the objects they faced.Yi is a modification of the royal family’s private morality and moral governance formed by the nobility based on traditional political discourse,and encouragement for the royal family from the perspective of the state,Bin Zhi Chu Yan is a criticism and admonition by the nobles based on traditional banquet etiquette towards their drinking behavior and immorality.