论实践诠释学对哲学诠释学的四重超越——以《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》为中心

Fourfold Transcendence of Practical Hermeneutics to Philosophical Hermeneutics—Centered on Theses on Feuerbach

《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》是反映马克思诠释思想的本源性文本。通过思考科学的历史性生存的“本体”规定性,马克思赋予了诠释学实践本体论基础,并早于海德格尔近一个世纪就实现了诠释的“本体论转折”。实践诠释学立足感性现实,从四个维度超越了海德格尔开创的哲学诠释学。其一,诠释基点不是主观“前见”,而是人类社会的物质实践。其二,诠释的历史视域不是“传统”“权威”等“观念的历史”,而是扎根于人类日常生活的“实践的历史”。其三,诠释意旨不是“解释世界”,而是“改变世界”。其四,诠释品格不是保守而是批判。

Theses on Feuerbach is an original text reflecting Marx’s hermeneutic thought.By contemplating the“ontological”nature of the scientific historical existence,Marx gave hermeneutics a practical ontological foundation and achieved an“ontological turn”in his interpretation almost a hundred years before Heidegger did.Grounded in perceptual reality,Marx’s practical hermeneutics goes beyond the philosophical hermeneutics initiated by Heidegger in four dimensions.First,the base of interpretation is not subjective“foresight”,but the material practice of human society.Marx stipulated the legitimacy of“practice”as the base of hermeneutics from three levels:the structure of hermeneutics,the content of hermeneutics and the method of hermeneutics.Second,the historical field of hermeneutics is not the“history of ideas”such as“tradition”and“authority”,but the“history of practice”rooted in the daily life of human beings.This document’s argument about the nature of man and the nature of social life shows that only by starting from“history of practice”can we achieve true“Horizontverschmelzung”.Third,the purpose of hermeneutics is not to“explain the world”,but to“change the world”.The last article of Theses on Feuerbach outlines the dialectical relationship between explaining the world and changing it.Fourth,the character of hermeneutics is not conservatism and obedience.As a masterpiece of Marx’s critique of the“foresight”,Theses on Feuerbach demonstrates the theoretical character:critique in interpretation and interpretation in critique,which is the only way to ensure the eternal vitality of hermeneutics.