论土家族撒尔嗬仪式中文化隐喻与生命关照——基于清江流域的人类学考察

Cultural Metaphor and Life Care of the Tujia People’s Salho Ritual:An Anthropological Investigation of the Qingjiang River Basin

撒尔嗬是土家族的民间信仰仪式,对于弘扬民族精神、唤醒生命共同体意识具有重要意义。运用文献资料、实地考察、访谈等研究方法,对清江流域土家族撒尔嗬仪式展开研究,认为撒尔嗬内聚中华传统礼乐文化基因,是一种以礼“敬”亡者而以乐“亲”生者的丧葬礼仪。撒尔嗬具有土家人生与死象征性交换的独特文化隐喻,“歌丧”是土家人生者祭死的豁达情感表征,“跳丧”是土家人死者“寄身”的神圣体验。撒尔嗬仪式中清江流域土家人的生命关照体现在:以神话之歌指涉土家人延续族群生命记忆的愿景、以爱情之歌表达土家人内隐的生命精神诉求、以先祖之歌唤醒族群生命共同体意识。

Salho is a folk religion ceremony of the Tujia people,which is of great significance for carrying forward the national spirit and awakening the consciousness of life community.Studied by literature survey,field survey and interview,Salho of the Tujia people in the Qingjiang River basin,which consists of“song mourning”and“jumping mourning”,is a funeral ceremony,which gathers the genes of the traditional Chinese ritual and music culture.It has a unique cultural metaphor for the symbolic exchange of life and death in the Tujia people.“Song mourning”is a characterization of the Tujia nationality’s philosopher of death and“jumping mourning”is a sacred experience of praising the great deed of the dead.Therefore,Salho shows the Tujia people’s vies of life and death.In the Salho ceremony,they sing love songs to express their implicit spiritual demands for life,sing ancestral song to rouse the awareness of the ethnic community of life.