南京国民政府时期黄河流域水旱灾害与植被恢复困局

Flood and Drought Disasters and the Predicament of Vegetation Restoration in the Yellow River Basin During the Period of Nanjing National Government

近代黄河流域生态问题是近代中国社会发展中的一个重要问题,引起相关领域人士的持续关注。南京国民政府时期,水利及相关专业知识群体从探求黄河“上旱下泛”的根源出发,指出欲根治黄河,必须调节中上游的气候、治理沙漠、恢复植被、开展水土保持;由此扩展,论证了植被在民众生产生活和经济社会事业发展中的多种功效。基于此,以根治黄河流域水旱灾害、发展黄河中上游地区的农牧业为鹄的,向政府提出了相关建议。政府接受并萃取建议之精华,制定了以“两带一区加育苗”为内核旨在减除黄河河床内的泥沙、中上游蓄水保土、调节气候及防治沙漠扩张的计划。这些认知、建议、计划具有一定的科学性、创新性,但由于时局不靖及缺乏物资、劳工、经费等具体支撑,而使黄河治理及恢复植被的实践归于失败。

During the period of Nanjing National Government,experts started to explore the cause of"draught in the upper stream and flood in the lower stream"of the Yellow River,pointing out that in order to regulate the Yellow River,it was necessary to adjust the climate in the upper and middle reaches,control the deserts,restore vegetation,and carry out soil and water conservation.This argument demonstrated the 17 functions of vegetation in people's production,life,as well as economic and social development.Based on this,four suggestions had been put forward to the government with the goal of eradicating flod and drought disasters in the Yellow River basin,and developing agriculture and animal husbandry in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River.The government accepted and extracted the essence of the proposals,and formulated a plan with"two belts and one district plus seedling raising"as its core and reducing the sediment in the riverbed of the Yellow River,conserving water and soil in the upper and middle reaches,regulating the climate and preventing the expansion of deserts as its purpose.These suggestions and plans were scientific and innovative to some extent,but due to lack of materials,labor and funds,the practice of regulating the Yellow River and restoring vegetation had ended in failure.