“集群式”与“同构性”:先秦时期的宗庙格局及其礼制思想

Cluster-type and Isomorphism:The Architectural Design and Ritual Protocol of Ancestral Temples in the pre-Qin Era

借助对古典文献与考古材料的深入挖掘,尝试厘清先秦时期的宗庙格局与制度:夏代宫室(宗庙)建筑呈现廊院围合单体的院落式;商代宗庙呈数个院落的群组式;周代则是按庙制等级昭穆秩序数庙并置的集群式。在此基础上,分析总结先秦时期宗庙形制的集群式与同构性特征,包括庙、庙寝与宫室(居寝)建筑空间的同构性,集群式宗庙内各独立庙院的同构性,以及从“士一庙”到“天子七庙”所反映的宗庙制度与社会制度系统的同构性等。进而揭示先秦宗庙建筑遗址与经史典籍文献二者之间的平行信息与持续性关联,认为“集群式”“同构性”的宗庙形制体现了先秦时期基于数理逻辑的等级观念,彰显了“以礼联宗家天下”的庙制思想。

This paper aims to elucidate the layout and structural organization of ancestral temples during the pre-Qin period through an extensive examination of classical literature and archaeological findings.The architectural style of ancestral temples in Xia dynasty is characterized by single buildings enclosed by corridors and courtyards,while Shang dynasty exhibits a Group-type layout with multiple courtyards.In contrast,Zhou dynasty showcases a Clustertype arrangement,where several temples are juxtaposed according to the zhaomu hierarchical system.On this basis,This paper conducts an analysis and synthesis of the clustertype and isomorphic characteristics within the ancestral temple system of the pre-Qin era.This encompasses the isomorphism of architectural spaces between the temple,temple dormitory,and palace(residence),the isomorphism observed among independent temples within the Clustertype ancestral temple,and the isomorphism between the ancestral temple system and the social structure,as reflected the transition from the“scholar’s one temple”to“emperor’s seven temples”.Furthermore,it unveils the parallel information and continuous relationship between the architectural sites of pre-Qin ancestral temples and classical literary and historical sources.This study contends that the“cluster-type”and“isomorphic”characteristics of ancestral temple architecture in the pre-Qin period reflect a hierarchical ideology grounded in mathematical logic.It underscores the significance of the temple system’s philosophy,emphasizing the connection between family and the broader world through ceremonial rites.