阳明快乐情感的减法智慧--从“说”“乐”“不愠”说起

The Wisdom of Subtraction in Wang Yangming’s Theory of Happiness——From the expressions of “pleased”, “happy” and “unannoyed”

阳明与程朱理学家对“说”“乐”“不愠”等快乐情感的理解和阐释,无论是在内涵上还是方法上都存在着较大差异。朱熹等理学家运用的是从无至有、沿前往后、由易到难的加法,这种方法体现出有得与未得的结果及相应的乐与不乐的情感。但阳明认为乐是心之本体,良知不滞于亦不外于七情,本体之乐不同于亦不外于七情之乐。故而在阳明看来,“只求日减,不求日增”的情感减法才是简易透彻、轻快脱洒的致知之功。这一方法显现着良知内向觉醒与外向去蔽的相统一,从而袒露了本体之乐的智慧。

The understanding and interpretation of the happy emotions such as“pleased”,“happy”and“unannoyed”differed greatly between Wang Yangming and Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianists,no matter in connotations or in methods.Neo-Confucianists such as Zhu Xi adopted the method of addition,such as from have-nots to haves,from now to future,and from easy to difficult,which in turn reflected the results of having and having-not and the corresponding emotions of happiness and unhappiness.However,Wang Yangming believed that happiness is the fundament of the mind,that conscience is not constrained by or goes beyond the seven emotions,and that happiness of the fundament is different from but also part of the happiness of the seven emotions.Therefore,in Wang Yangming’s view,the emotion subtraction of“seeking daily reduction rather than daily increasing”is the simple,thorough,and lighthearted way to intuitive knowledge.This approach shows the unity between the inward awakening and the outward de-concealment of conscience,which reveals the wisdom of the ontological happiness.