论先秦道家思想对心灵归属感建立的启示

Influence of Pre-Qin Taoism on the Establishment of “Spiritual Belonging”

个体的地位问题以及个体与群体的关系问题是先秦诸家争论不休的关键。对个体的关注,是先秦道家哲学独特的魅力所在,不仅影响后来魏晋玄学的蓬勃发展,更为当下的个体追寻生命价值、获得生命归属提供了正确的引导。自老子提出了减少外部“有为”崇尚“无为而无不为”为始,先秦道家中的列子、杨朱、庄子不同程度地论述了“贵柔守雌”“见素抱朴”“自然无为”“致虚守静”“居下”“取后”“贵己”“重生”等人生态度,引导人们返回真诚质朴的生活形态,强调人们自我调节以适应社会发展的能力,从个体生命回归、本我回归、个体超脱等不同程度建立心灵归属感,帮助个体调节与群体生活产生的摩擦,涵养生命。

The issue of individual status,that is,the relationship between individuals and the group,was not only a key issue that various schools of thought in Pre-Qin period had debated endlessly,but also where the unique charm of Taoist philosophy of Pre-Qin period lied,which has not only exerted an impact on the flourishing development of metaphysics in Wei-Jin dynasties,but also provided correct guidance for individuals to pursue the value of life and individual identity.Since Laozi proposed to reduce external“active actions”and advocated“inaction for action”,the Pre-Qin Taoists,including Laozi,Liezi,Yang Zhu,and Zhuangzi,all discussed life attitudes,focusing on their priority of softness,simplicity,inaction,emptiness,tranquility,self-respect,life,and being under and behind,etc.,which guide people to return to a real and simple way of life,increase people’s ability to adjust themselves to adapt to social development,establish a sense of spiritual belonging from different aspects such as the return of individual life and self,and individual detachment,and help individuals to reduce conflicts in groups and cultivate life.