从个体、集团和国家层面看印度教对印度经济发展的影响

The Impact of Hinduism on Economic Development of India from Individual, Group, and National Perspectives

印度教教徒占印度总人口的79.8%(2011年),印度教对印度的经济发展在不同层次的影响不可小觑。自2014年印度人民党再次执政以来,印度教对印度个体、集团以及国家三个层面的影响更加凸显。本文基于在印度的田野调查,利用心理文化学和国际政治经济学理论,就印度教对经济发展的影响进行整体解读。印度教思想,在个体层面,影响着印度人的创新、财富、时间和义利观念,也影响着印度人的饮食习惯、互动思维等生活方式,使得个体趋于保守化、阶层化,而在一定程度上又激发了个体的想象力、创造力;在集团层面,印度教影响着印度企业的缔结方式、集团文化、种姓行业等,使集团财富趋于稳定,激发着集团对社会福利的追求,但也烈化了贸易排外现象;在国家层面,印度教则影响着印度的倡议提出、对华态度、战略思想和文化输出,使国家政策倾向于自主化和大国化。印度教对经济的发展,既有诸如节约资源、富有想象、财富稳定等方面的积极影响,也有诸如不利于收入增长、结构发展、国内结构调整、外部经济条件改善等方面的消极影响。

Hindus constitute 79.8%of India’s total population(2011),and the impact of Hinduism on India’s economic development is significant at various levels.Since the Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP) once again came into power in 2014, Hinduism has had a more prominent impact on individuals, groups and the nation. This paper analyzes the impact of Hindu thought on lifestyle, group culture and national policy from the three dimensions mentioned above. Based on the fieldwork in India, this paper makes an overall interpretation of the impact of Hinduism on economic development by using the theory of psycho-culturology and international political economy. Hinduism, at the individual level, affects the Indian concept of innovation, wealth, time and righteousness, as well as dietary habits, interactive thinking and other lifestyles, making individuals tend to be conservative and stratified, and to a certain extent, stimulate individual imagination and creativity. At the group level, it affects such as the way Indian companies are concluded, group culture, caste industries, so that the group’s wealth tends to be stable, stimulating the group’s enthusiasm for social welfare, but also contributing to the phenomenon of trade xenophobia. At the national level, it influences India’s initiative, attitude towards China, strategic thinking and cultural export, making national policy tend to be autonomous and large-powered. Hinduism has positive effects on economic development, such as resource conservation, imagination, and wealth stability, as well as adverse effects on income growth, structural development, domestic structural adjustment, and improvement of external economic conditions.