专利申请中遗传资源来源披露制度的国际协调及我国因应

Disclosure of Source Requirement for Genetic Resources in Patent Application:International Coordination and China’s Response

遗传资源来源披露制度是专利申请的必要环节之一。中国、印度、瑞士等国家已建立了相应的遗传资源来源披露制度,世界知识产权组织正就此问题进行讨论并致力于形成统一的国际文件。在国际层面,还存在公约通过与否、制度是否建立、披露范围、披露客体以及“触发点”用词等争议。争议背后的根本原因为各国立场的不同,主要体现为遗传资源开发与利用价值的利益冲突。我国立法机关应谨慎考虑披露的范围以及与惠益分享内容的联系,并扩大披露的客体至与遗传资源相关的传统知识,制定专门的遗传资源保护法律,形成保护生物多样性和专利制度的良性结合。

The disclosure of source requirement for genetic resources is one of the necessary steps in patent application.China,India,Switzerland and other countries have established corresponding disclosure of source requirement for genetic resources,and the World Intellectual Property Organization is discussing the issue and working on a unified international convention.Among countries,there are still disputes over the adoption of international conventions,the establishment of institutions,the scope of disclosure,the object of disclosure and the wording of“trigger”.The fundamental reason behind the disputes is the different positions of different countries,which are mainly reflected in the conflict of interests between the development and utilization value of genetic resources.Careful consideration should be given to the scope of disclosure and its connection with benefits sharing,and the object of disclosure should be expanded to include traditional knowledge related to genetic resources.Specialized laws on the protection of genetic resources should be formulated to form a benign combination of biodiversity protection and patent system.