南极藻类物种多样性、低温适应性及生物技术应用

Species diversity,low-temperature adaptation,and biotechnology application of Antarctic algae

藻类作为南极初级生产力的主要贡献者和南极生态系统食物网的基础,经过长期的适应和进化形成了一系列应对低温的抗逆机制,对维持极地生境的稳定性至关重要。本文综述了南极藻类物种的多样性及分布特征,从细胞膜脂质组成变化,细胞内、外活性物质的产生以及进化机制等多方面揭示藻类在低温环境中的适应策略,概述了嗜冷藻类在营养健康、医药治疗、日用化工工业和化妆品行业的广泛应用。目前,对南极藻类多样性的探索,对嗜低温藻类多组学的研究,低温藻培养技术的突破和新的嗜低温与耐低温藻种生物资源的利用还有待进一步发展,随着对藻类温度适应策略的不断探究,未来低温藻将会得到更多的关注和研发。

Algae are the main contributors to the primary productivity of the Antarctic and the basis of marine and terrestrial food webs.To cope with low temperatures,algae have formed a series of anti-stress mechanisms through long-term adaptation and evolution,which are essential to maintain the stability of the polar habitat.This paper summarizes the diversity and distribution of Antarctic algal species,reveals the adaptive strategies of algae in low-temperature environments(e.g.,changes in the lipid composition of the cell membrane,production of intracellular and extracellular active substances,and evolutionary mechanisms),and summarizes the wide application of psychrophilic algae in nutrition and health,medical treatment,and the chemical and cosmetics industries.Further research is needed on Antarctic algal diversity,multiomics,the breakthrough of low-temperature algal culture technology,and the use of new low-temperature and low-temperature tolerant algal biological resources.With ongoing exploration of algal thermal adaptation strategies,algae adapted to low-temperature environments are likely to receive more attention in the future.