中国古代镇山的地理想象及空间建构

Geographical Imagination and Spatial Construction of Zhenshan in Ancient China

【目的】镇山是中国传统风景营建中自然与文化紧密融合的优秀产物,是多尺度视野下的典型地理想象结果。发掘其中的传统自然价值观、知识体系及空间文化体系,可为当下相关遗产的保护与“城-山”空间体系的发扬提供历史理论依据。【方法】基于爱如生中国方志库量化分析镇山历史信息,结合对图文史料的解析,梳理镇山地理想象内涵的历史变迁,总结镇山地理空间体系构成,归纳城市镇山空间的构建理法。【结果】梳理了镇山地理想象内涵从国家到地方、从神性到世俗、从政治宣扬到政治教化的嬗变历程,总结了宇宙镇山、国家镇山、区域镇山、城市镇山4个层次的地理空间体系差序构成部分,归纳了城市镇山的选取特征及空间秩序组织特征。【结论】镇山文化模式及空间组织具有耦合关系,通过地理想象的视角可以深入探寻其中的内涵,从而推动镇山文化与空间的保护与传承。

[Objective]Zhenshan is an important component of China’s mountainous geographical system and an excellent product of the close integration of nature and culture in traditional Chinese landscape construction.Related to both geography and humanity,Zhenshan is a typical result of geographical imagination.The current research on Zhenshan involved the traditional Chinese state ritual system of sacrifice to mountain and water spirits has provided detailed textual research and interpretation of the concept and cultural connotations of Zhenshan.In the construction of urban landscape,urban Zhenshan is a typical cultural element that shapes urban landscape pattern.As a common phenomenon in urban and rural spaces,urban Zhenshan lacks in-depth research compared to national sacrificial Zhenshan in terms of their respective values.Therefore,there is a certain gap in the current research on Zhenshan between national sacrificial Zhenshan and urban Zhenshan.Only by fully revealing the historical evolution process of Zhenshan can a complete knowledge system and spatial cultural system of Zhenshan be constructed.Meanwhile,it is also important to explore the identification and protection of cultural resources and the establishment of a theoretical system for traditional“city-mountain”landscape construction in combination with the interpretation of the humanistic connotation of Zhenshan,the induction of the composition of the geographical spatial system of Zhenshan,and the summary of the principles for spatial order and construction of Zhenshan,natural landforms and cultural elements,which is an important way to elucidate China’s traditional natural values and promote the excellent experience of traditional spatial practice.[Methods]Based on Erudition Chinese Local Chronicles Database of 6,000 volumes of chronicles spanning a period from Song Dynasty to the Republic of China,this research conducts a quantitative analysis of the historical information about Zhenshan Moreover,combined with the analysis of graphic and textual historical materials,the research sorts out historical changes in the connotation of Zhenshan’s geographical imagination,summarizes the composition of Zhenshan’s geographical spatial system,and generalizes the principles for spatial construction of urban Zhenshan.[Results]Zhenshan has gone through a journey from divinity to secularity,and from nationality to locality,driven by spatial imagination such as perception and political intention in different historical periods,in the form of enduring mountains and rivers.The development of Zhenshan in China experienced political propaganda in the pre-Qin period,and during the period from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty,the focus of Zhenshan shifted from propaganda to education,followed by the widespread rise of local Zhenshan after Tang Dynasty.In this process,the geographical imagination connotation of Zhenshan shows a transformation from political propaganda to political education,and from top-down to bottom-up discourse influence.With the evolution of the connotation of Zhenshan,Zhenshan in geographical space can be summarized into four levels:cosmic Zhenshan,national Zhenshan,regional Zhenshan,and urban Zhenshan.The gradual shift of Zhenshan’s focus from the universe and the world to a region and a city has formed a multi-scale and multi-level geographical spatial system.The ancients recognized such geographical characteristics of national mountains as node identification,overall context and fractal,and projected such humanistic order as patriarchal norms and ritual hierarchy thereon.The geographical spatial system of Zhenshan is a typical embodiment of the aforesaid geographical imagination of national mountains.From cosmic Zhenshan to national and regional Zhenshan,and finally to urban Zhenshan,there are cultural and political differences between Zhenshan at different levels and scales.Local Zhenshan is mostly located in branch ranges,while national Zhenshan and regional Zhenshan are mostly located in main ranges,with Kunlun serving as the home to cosmic Zhenshan,the top-level Zhenshan,thus forming a hierarchical and differentiatial recognition system of Zhenshan.The spatial construction of urban Zhenshan is a practice of constructing abstract conceptual spaces based on specific perceptual spaces at the settlement scale.According to existing local chronicles,there were a total of 299 cities in Song and Qing dynasties with their own urban Zhenshan.The spatial construction of urban Zhenshan is unified within the same political demands and cultural models,forming a certain paradigm of Zhenshan space and the“city-mountain”spatial construction principle.Meanwhile,Zhenshan is widely distributed in different terrains and landforms,forming an organic and adaptable spatial construction of Zhenshan.[Conclusion]Geographical imagination under different geographical and cultural backgrounds affects the construction of different ethnic and regional spaces.Under the Western concept of nature,Westerners view nature from a functional perspective,look inward at cities,and treat nature with little humanized or poetic imagination,forming differentiated geographical imagination and spatial practice results.Chinese people,on the other hand,look outward at cities,take nature as a yardstick for political and spatial construction,and establish the“man-nature”order of cities based on natural elements.The cultural mode and spatial organization of Zhenshan have a coupling relationship,and from the perspective of geographical imagination,the connotation of Zhenshan can be deeply explored to promote the protection and inheritance of Zhenshan space and culture.