从转让授予到缔约授权:对霍布斯原始契约概念转变的考察

From Transfer to Authorize:An Investigation Into the Reform of Hobbes’Original Contract

霍布斯关于“原始契约”的论述出现了明显的转变——他用《利维坦》(1651)中的“缔约授权”替代了《论公民》(1647)里的“转让授予”,以修正社会契约理论的内部问题。在契约的形式上,这一转变旨在脱离“转让—赠予”的语境,保证契约的合法性;在建立契约的环节上,这一转变旨在区分“达成缔约意向”与“实际执行缔约”,澄清主权者是契约创制的结果,而非处于契约关系中。但原始契约的转变并不能从根本上达成霍布斯的理论目的,即有效保证国家的存续。

There is a significant change that Hobbes reformed the“transfer”with the“authorization”to interpret the“original contract”from On the Citizen(1647)to Leviathan(1651),which was to correct issues in the social contract theory.On the form,he aimed to break away from the context of“transfer-gift”and ensure the legality of the contract.On the link,he aimed to distinguish between“reaching the intention”and“actually executing”in establishing the contract,clarifying that the sovereign is the result of the contract rather than in contracting relationship.But the transformation of the original contract did not fundamentally achieve Hobbes’theoretical goal of effectively ensuring the existence of the state.