生态位视角下创新型产业集群竞争力测度研究

Competitiveness Evaluation of Innovative Industrial Clusters from the Perspective of Niche

创新型产业集群是通过聚合创新形成现代产业竞争优势的战略性力量。在生态位理论视角下,构建创新型产业集群竞争力评价的理论分析框架,选取技术、组织、资本、服务创新资源生态位因子,运用生态位宽度、重叠度、适宜度及竞争力综合评价模型对中国70个创新型产业集群的生态位竞争力进行多维测度。研究发现,中国创新型产业集群的生态位宽度呈递增趋势,涵盖的资源空间日益广泛,资源聚合竞争力逐年增强;生态位重叠度存在过度竞争、过度分散等问题,其中地理位置邻近、主导产业相同的创新集群间生态位重叠度偏高;生态位适宜度总体偏低,进化动量总体较高,说明多数集群在生境适应能力方面的竞争力较弱,与领先集群间差距较大,但呈现出较好的成长性。生态位竞争力综合分析显示,创新集群形成了由四个梯队构成的产业创新空间格局。从产业特征看,新一代信息技术及相关服务业集群的生态位竞争优势明显,而节能环保、高端装备与新能源汽车产业的创新集群则处于生态位竞争劣势;从空间维度看,南部沿海区域的创新集群生态位竞争力最强,形成珠三角经济圈创新生态高地,而大西北区域的创新集群则面临着创新生态脆弱性的挑战,存在更大的进化动量空间。据此,提出资源协同集聚、集群错位竞争和区域协调发展策略以进一步提升中国创新型产业集群的生态位竞争力。

Innovative industrial clusters are strategic forces that form competitive advantages of modern industries through aggregative innovation.Based on niche theory,a theoretical analysis framework of competitiveness evaluation of innovation clusters is constructed by identifying niche factors of technology,organization,capital,and service innovation resources.Applying niche breadth,overlap,fitness and comprehensive competitiveness evaluation models to measure the competitiveness of 70 innovative industrial clusters in China.The evaluation results show that:the niche breadth of innovative clusters is increasing year by year,implying that innovative clusters in China cover an increasingly wide range of resource space,enhance the competitiveness of resource agglomeration.The niche overlap of innovative clusters has two extremes issnes:excessive competition and overdispersion.The niche overlap is relatively high that the clusters are close in geographical locations or with the same dominant industry.The niche fitness of innovation clusters is low in general,and the evolutionary momentum is relatively high,indicating that most clusters are less competitive in terms of the competitiveness in niche adaptability,and the gap between them and leading clusters is significant,but they have great development potential.According to comprehensive analysis,innovative industrial clusters have formed an industrial innovation space pattern composed of four echelons.From the perspective of industrial characteristics,there are obvious cluster niche advantages of the new generation information technology industry and the related service industry,while relative niche disadvantages of the energy conservation and environmental protection industry,the high-end equipment industry and the new energy vehicle industry.From the spatial dimension,the niche competitiveness of innovation clusters in the southern coast is the strongest,while innovation clusters in the northwest face the challenge of innovation ecological vulnerability.As a result,some strategies are put forward,including resource collaborative agglomeration,cluster dislocation competition and regional coordinated development to further optimize the niche competitiveness of innovative industrial clusters in China.