中国近代新式学制中“文科”与“艺科”的关系

Relationship Between“Liberal Arts”and“Art”in Modern Chinese Educational Reforms

20世纪初,伴随着“西学东渐”的时代浪潮,中国近代新式学制在模仿日本、吸收欧美、坚守本土传统的多重力量交互作用下不断探索前行。在这个过程中,“文科”和“艺科”呈现出从交融、双轨、隶属直至各自独立的复杂的学科发展特征。清政府时期两次学制改革的焦点集中在“经学”与“文学”的关系上,最终在张之洞主持的癸卯学制里确立了晚清“八科分学”的局面,“文科”占据一席之地,“艺科”未出现在学科系统中,但艺术相关课程被纳入不同科目的授课课程。民国政府时期,经过蔡元培的改革,壬子癸丑学制出台标志着“七科之学”的学科体系和知识系统基本定型。“文科”成为一个独立学科,“艺科”仍不入大学分科系统,而是以美术、音乐等专门学校的方式独立办学,出现了“文科”与“艺科”以双轨制办学的局面。这种局面一直延续到中华人民共和国成立,艺术学科被纳入文学学科门类。

In the early 20th century,amid the wave of“learning from the West,”modern Chinese educational reforms embarked on a continuous exploration under the influence of multiple forces,including the imitation of Japan,absorption of Western ideas,and adherence to Chinese traditions.During this process,“liberal arts”and“art studies”exhibited complex developmental characteristics,ranging from integration,dual tracks,subservience,to eventual independence.During the Qing dynasty,the focus of two educational reforms centered on the relationship between“classical studies”and“literature”,culminating in the establishment of the“eight departments”in the“GuiMao educational system”,which was directed by Zhang Zhidong in the late Qing period.Liberal arts occupied a prominent position.While art did not have a distinct place within the disciplinary system,artisticrelated courses were incorporated into various subjects.During the Republican era,under the reforms led by Cai Yuanpei,the introduction of the school system of“RenZiGuiChou Year”marked basic finalization of the subject system and knowledge system of the“Seven Subjects of Study”.Liberal arts became an independent discipline.While art remained outside the university's disciplinary system,it was established in independent schools as subjects of fine art and music.Thus,liberal arts and art were operated on parallel tracks in educational system.This dualtrack system persisted until the founding of the People's Republic of China when art disciplines were incorporated into the category of literal arts.