执行功能各成分的脑机制及其在教育中的应用

Brain mechanisms of executive function components and their application to education

执行功能是一系列高级认知功能的总称,主要包括以抑制控制、工作记忆、认知灵活性为代表的“冷”执行功能和“热”执行功能,与学生的学业成就直接相关。研究表明,3~4岁为儿童抑制控制和“热”执行功能发展的第一关键期;6~8岁和9~12岁分别为工作记忆发展的第一、二关键期;7~9岁是儿童认知灵活性发展的第一关键期和抑制控制发展的第二关键期。青春期为执行功能各成分发展的另一关键期。执行功能具有可塑性,在不同成分发展的关键期内给予相应的训练,有助于促进该成分的发展和功能的改善。脑科学的新发展有助于了解执行功能各成分的脑机制以及发展变化趋势,并基于脑的执行功能提供更新的干预方法,多种干预方法的结合更有益于执行功能的提升,提高学生课堂学习效果。

Executive function is a general term for a series of higher cognitive functions,mainly including“cold”executive function and“hot”executive function,represented by inhibitory control,working memory,and cognitive flexibility,which are directly related to a student’s academic achievement.Previous studies have shown that 3-4 years of age is the first critical period for children’s development of inhibitory control and“hot”executive function.The first critical period of working memory development is 6-8 years old,and the second is 9-12 years old.The age of 7-9 is the first critical period for developing cognitive flexibility and the second for developing inhibitory control.In addition,adolescence is another critical period for developing various components of executive function.Executive function is plastic,and corresponding training in the critical period of development of different components is helpful to promote the development and functional improvement of these components.The new development of brain science is helpful to understand the brain mechanism and development trend of various components of the executive function and provides a more unique approach to intervention based on the executive function of the brain.The combination of various intervention methods is more beneficial to the improvement of executive function and improves the classroom learning effect of students.