论北宋时期河北白瓷装饰工艺的创新发展与历史贡献

White Ceramic Decorative Techniques in Hebei in Northern Song Dynasty:Innovation,Development,and Historical Contribution

北宋时期,河北陶瓷生产领先全国。无论是以精细白瓷独树一帜的定窑,还是以化妆白瓷自成一家的磁州窑,都成为其他窑场争相模仿的对象,并在全国范围内形成了以定窑、磁州窑命名的窑系。从装饰工艺角度看,北宋定窑从学习其他窑场的深剔刻、细线划花走向了自我创新,模制、斜刀(双线)刻划花、满壁印花等新工艺造就了精细白瓷的艺术巅峰。磁州窑则在缺乏优质瓷土的条件下,创新出化妆白瓷划花、剔花、白地黑绘花等装饰工艺,以极高的艺术水准成为了“粗瓷细作”的典范。北宋时期的河北白瓷不但成为当时民间艺术的典型代表和风向标,而且为后世软笔工具创作的青花、五彩等陶瓷装饰工艺奠定了基础。

During the Northern Song Dynasty,Hebei’s ceramic production took the lead in China.Both Ding Kiln,which stands out with white porcelain,and Cizhou Kiln,which has white slip stoneware,had become the model to be imitated by other kilns.Both of them developed into a nationwide kiln system named after them respectively.From the perspective of decorative techniques,the Ding kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty changed from learning from other kilns’techniques,such as heavily engraved decoration and light line decoration,to self⁃innovation.New techniques,such as molding,incised decoration with an oblique knife(double line),and full wall molded decoration,created the artistic peak of white porcelain.On the other hand,in the absence of high⁃quality clay,Cizhou Kiln innovated decorative techniques such as white slip incised decoration,white slip carving decoration,black underglaze painting,and other decoration techniques,which have become a model of“making rough into exquisite”with extremely high artistic level.They not only achieved a high level of folk⁃art ceramics,but also laid the foundation for ceramic decoration techniques such as the blue and white underglaze and multicolor underglaze created with soft pen tools in future generations.