民国时期梅兰芳、杜威与中美跨文化交流

Mei Lanfang,John Dewey and Sino⁃American Cross⁃Cultural Communication in the Republican Era(1912-1949)

梅兰芳访美与杜威访华通过由浅入深地与“他者”交流,再进行由表及里的文化磨合,最后推动由点到面的文化外交,为中美艺术与学术的交流做出了具有里程碑意义的贡献。梅兰芳1930年访美与杜威1919年访华各自代表了中学西传和西学东渐的努力。尽管他们访问的时间和主题不同,但他们所从事的国际交流见证了中美跨文化研究的基本要义。首先,他们通过交流,从“他者”的反馈和折射,深化了对自我的认知,为完善和重塑自我提供条件。其次,他们通过浅层的顺应、深层的适应和更高层次的融合,促使中美社会和大众接受了他们的文化传播,而且通过与当地文化的磨合与耦合,创造性地推动了文化本土化的效能。最后,跨文化交流往往具有文化外交和民间外交的功能,梅兰芳与杜威在他国的文化交流中,难免对中美两国的民间外交产生影响,并在各自讲述文化故事的过程中,推动了两国关系的改善与和谐。

Mei Lanfang’s visit to the United States and Dewey’s visit to China have made landmark contributions to the artistic and academic exchanges between China and the United States by communicating with the“other”from the simple to the deep,then making cultural integration from the outside to the inside,and finally promoting cultural diplomacy gradually.Mei Lanfang’s visit to the United States in 1930 and Dewey’s visit to China in 1919,respectively,represented the efforts of spreading Chinese learning to the West and spreading Western learning to the East.Although their visit’s time and theme differ,the international exchanges they engaged in set the keynote for Sino⁃American cross⁃cultural research.First of all,through communication,they acquired a deeper understanding of the self from the feedback from and comparison with the“other”and provided opportunities for improving and reconstructing themselves.Secondly,through accommodation,adaptation,and integration,they helped the Chinese and American society and the public accept their cultural communication and improved the effectiveness of acculturation through running⁃in and coupling with local culture.Finally,cross⁃cultural communication often plays the role of cultural and people⁃to⁃people diplomacy.Mei Lanfang and Dewey inevitably impact people⁃to⁃people Sino⁃American diplomacy in their cultural exchanges in each other’s country.In the process of telling their own cultural stories,they have improved the relationship between the two countries.