遗赠物上代位推定的教义构造与适用甄别

The Doctrine Structure and Application Discrimination of Subrogation Presumption about Bequest

根据遗嘱处分的标的物不同,遗赠区分为物权类遗赠和债权类遗赠。无论何种类型,若在继承开始前特定遗赠标的物不存在,皆可能引致受遗赠人能否对代位物主张遗赠之问题。虽然遗赠在遗嘱人与受遗赠人之间形成债权债务关系,但照搬合同嗣后给付不能的解决思路难以完全契合遗赠具备的身份性特质,故通过对物上代位基础性权利的扩张解释,肯定遗赠物上代位推定的教义构造,不失为合适的切入路径。根据导致遗嘱处分标的物不存在的原因事实差异,限定遗赠物上代位推定的适用前提为非基于遗嘱人自愿行为的法律事实之情形,并与遗嘱人意思自治下的相反行为进行区分,后者具备撤回遗嘱、使其不发生效力的功能。又因某些原因性法律事实中交织“客观”与“自愿”,在难以明确法律适用时,可借助“遗嘱解释的客观化”缓和遗赠物上代位推定与相反行为的甄别困难。

According to the different subject matter of the testamentary disposition,bequest can be divided into real right bequest and creditor's right bequest.Regardless of the type,if the specific subject matter of bequest does not exist before the beginning of the inheritance,it may lead to the problem of whether the legatee can claim the bequest against the substitute.Although the bequest has formed the debtor-creditor relationship between the testator and the legatee,it is difficult to fully conform to the identity characteristics of the bequest by copying the solution of the impossibility of performance under the contract.Therefore,it is an appropriate approach to affirm the doctrinal structure of subrogation presumption about bequest by expanding the interpretation of the fundamental rights of subrogation.According to the differences in the reasons and facts that led to the non-existence of the subject matter of the testamentary disposition,the applicable premise for limiting the presumption of subrogation on the bequest is the situation that is not based on the voluntary act of the testator,and it is distinguished from the contradictory act under the will autonomy,which has the function of revoking the will and making it ineffective.In addition,due to the interweaving of“objective”and“voluntary”in some causal legal facts,when it is difficult to clarify the application of the law,the“objectification of the interpretation of the will”can be used to ease the difficulty in distinguishing the presumption of subrogation from the contradictory act.