高空抛(坠)物致害中物业服务企业责任的法律适用

The Legal Application of the Liability of Property Service Enterprises in Cases of Dropped or Falling Objects

高空抛(坠)物案件中,物业服务企业既可能依《民法典》第1254条第2款承担(因过失)违反安保义务的责任,也可能依第1253条承担管理人责任。其依何规则承担何种责任,不取决于将案件事实定性为高空抛物还是高空坠物,而取决于“侵权人”身份之认定。第1254条第1款的“侵权人”既包括抛物行为实施者,也包括第1253条中的“所有人、管理人或者使用人”。物业服务企业何时依第1253条承担管理人责任,宜以坠物来源作为标准。物业服务企业违反安保义务,依第三人之故意或过失分别适用第1198条第2款或第1172条,对前一条文之适用范围应作限缩解释。物业服务企业与可能加害的建筑物使用人独立承担责任,相互间并无追偿权。

In a case of dropped or falling objects,the property service company may be liable for breach of security duty(due to negligence)under Article 1254(2)of the Civil Code,or it may be liable as a manager under Article 1253.What kind of liability it is liable under which rule does not depend on whether the fact of the case is characterized as a dropped or falling object,but on the identification of the“tortfeasor”.Under Article 1254(1),the“tortfeasor”includes both the perpetrator of throwing or dropping objects and the“owner,manager or user”under Article 1253.It is appropriate to use the source of the dropped or falling objects as a criterion to determine whether a property service company is liable as a manager under Article 1253.If a property service company violates its duty of security,Article 1198(2)or Article 1172 shall apply to the third party's intentionality or negligence,respectively,and the scope of application of the former Article shall be construed in a restrictive manner.The property service company and the user of the building who may have caused the damage or injury are independently liable and have no right of recovery from each other.