认知型人工智能的生存论反思:人是理性的存在

Reflections on the Existentialism of Cognitive Artificial Intelligence:Humans are More than Rational Beings

符号主义和联结主义人工智能研究者所秉持的认识论统称为心智计算理论,狭义的认知科学就是指心智计算理论,我们可以统称这两种学派为认知型人工智能。一些学者从无身认知、机械论、还原论、形式化、表征主义等不同角度对认知型人工智能和作为其认识论的心智计算理论展开了批判,但是这些批判都在认识论层面,并没有把握其产生缺陷的根源。认知型人工智能的缺陷究其根源是因其生存论上的错误而导致的,其研究者承袭了西方的理性主义传统,把人视作理性的存在,这种对人的认识不仅排斥人的感性、身体、情绪等非理性因素的作用,而且内含在理性中的追求确定性、必然性的“逻各斯”原则和追求超越性、目的性的“努斯”原则必然发生冲突,其所认为的理性只是近代以来以“逻各斯”为中心的认知理性,其所理解的人是一种抽象的、静止的、无时间的、原子式的存在,这是认知型人工智能无法超越人的智能的根源所在。

The fields of semiotics and connectionism,within which the epistemology upheld by the artificial intelligence(Al)researchers is commonly known as the mental theory of computation that is just the cognitive science in a narrow sense,can be collectively called cognitive AI.Some scholars have criticized both cognitive AI and the mental theory of computation from the perspectives like inanimate cognition,mechanisticism,reductionism,formalization,and representationalism.However,these criticisms are all at the level of epistemology and do not grasp the root of their defects.The root cause of the defects of cognitive Al lie in the errors in its theoretical basis of existentialism.Cognitive Al researchers have inherited the western tradition of rationalism and regarded humans as rational beings.Such an understanding of human in existentialism excludes the role of irrational factors that are of perceptual,physical,and emotional,which definitely leads to the conflicts between the"Logos"principle of pursuing certainty and inevitability and the"Nous"principle of pursuing transcendence and purposiveness.The rationality that is considered in existentialism is only the cognitive rationality centered on"Logos"of modern times,and the human beings it understands are abstract,static,timeless,atomic existence,which determines that the cognitive AI is unable to surpass the human intelligence.