人口流动中的县域教育:变化与困境

County Education under Population Mobility:Change and Dilemma

我国的人口流动呈现出整体上向东部发达地区流动、局部则是乡村人口向城市聚集、省内近距离流动的新趋势。在此背景下,县域教育受到冲击和挑战。通过调研福建省出县和河北省入县两个县的教育现状,发现出县面临学校数量在乡村消亡、在镇区聚集;教师流失、新教师缺乏、教师晋升机会渺茫;留守儿童心理问题较多,随迁子女上学的常态是“周中就读-周末回乡”的候鸟式移动的教育困境。入县则面临镇区学校数量不断增加,城乡学校依旧拥挤;编外教师数量快速增长;随迁子女成为新移民等困境。研究分析认为县域教育的困境根源是教师配备问题:教师的调配速度赶不上人口流动的速度,教师补充的速度也赶不上学校新建的速度,教师需求的速度赶不上社会变化的速度。

Our country is steadily entering an era of population mobility,showing an overall trend of migration towards developed areas in the east,while locally there is a new trend of rural population gathering in cities and local migration within provinces.Against this backdrop,county-level education faces challenges and impacts.Through research on the educational situation in two counties,one in Fujian Province and the other in Hebei Province,it is found that the county facing outward migration is experiencing the disappearance of schools in rural areas and the concentration of schools in towns,resulting in educational difficulties with overcrowded schools in towns and weak educational resources in rural areas.There is also a loss of teachers,a shortage of new teachers,and limited opportunities for teacher promotion.Left-behind children have more psychological problems,and the norm for migrant children attending school is a“bird-like”movement pattern of studying in urban areas during the week and returning to their hometowns at weekends.On the other hand,the county with inward migration faces the challenge of an increasing number of schools in towns,with continued overcrowding in both urban and rural schools,a rapid increase in the number of non-regular teachers,and the issue of migrant children becoming new immigrants.The research analysis concludes that the root cause of the educational difficulties in county-level areas lies in the issue of teacher allocation.The speed of teacher deployment cannot keep up with the speed of population mobility,the speed of teacher supply cannot keep up with the construction of new schools,and the speed of teacher demand cannot keep up with social change.