中法关于核能与环境的联合研究

A Chinese-French Study on Nuclear Energy and the Environment

本文聚焦核能的环境影响问题,将解决如下核能发电相关的主要环境问题:(1)控制正常运行条件下核设施的放射性排放,评估其非放射性环境影响(取水与非放射性水的排放);(2)乏燃料与放射性废物的长期管理,主要是通过地质处置库处理的乏燃料或放射性废物;(3)防止和缓解严重核事故以及核事故的放射性释放;(4)改善核安全水平,以限制核能的环境影响,提升公众的核能接受度。核能的温室气体排放水平非常低,可以根据需求供应大规模、可调度电力,在此方面核能具有独特的优势。在正常运行工况下,核电站每年释放到周围公众的有效辐射剂量可以忽略不计。国际社会已经开展了大量的努力,以确定可持续管理地质处置条件下高放长寿命放射性废物的方法。过去几次严重核事故中获得的经验为核能生产相关的安全问题提供了经验,也促成了重要的安全改进,其中包括反应堆的设计和运行管理方面的改善以及事故管理指导方针的制定等。事实证明,这些经验是非常宝贵的。严重事故的环境风险已经被大幅降低,相关的规约也已经建立起来,以最大限度地减少严重核事故条件下放射性物质的释放,并避免大规模的人员疏散。还需要继续采取措施,改善反应堆的安全性,提升核工业与核监管机构的透明度,以进一步降低核能的环境影响。

This article focuses on the environmental impact of nuclear energy and addresses the following major environmental issues associated with nuclear power generation:①controlling the radioactive discharge from nuclear installations under normal operation and evaluating their non-radioactive environmental impact(water withdrawals and non-radioactive discharges);②long-term management of spent fuel and radioactive waste(radwaste),notably that disposed off in geological repositories;③prevention and mitigation of severe nuclear accidents and their radioactive releases and;④improving nuclear safety to restrict its environmental impact and to contribute toward the public acceptance of nuclear energy.Nuclear energy,with its very low emissions of green house gases,has a unique capacity to generate massive and on-demand dispatchable amounts of electricity.The annual effective radiation dose delivered to the public surrounding nuclear power plants under normal operation is negligible.Considerable efforts have been made to define sustainable management of high-level long-lived radwaste that is disposed in geological formations.The return of experience from severe nuclear accidents in the past has informed and propelled major improvements in several aspects of nuclear energy production-including reactor design and operational management as well as in the development of accident-management guidelines-and has proved to be highly valuable.The environmental risks in the event of a severe accident have been substantially reduced and protocols have been established to minimize the release of radioactive materials and avoid the large-scale evacuation of people in the event of a severe nuclear accident.Efforts must be continued to improve reactor safety and enhance the transparency of the industry and the authorities that support and control nuclear power to further reduce the environmental impact.