从平面社会到垂直整体——费孝通与马林诺夫斯基思想的中国转化

From the Planar Society to the Vertical Whole:Fei Xiaotong and a Chinese Transformation of Malinowski's Thought

现代人类学奠基者马林诺夫斯基在学术生涯后期尝试了文化互动与变迁的研究,但其主要方法论遗产仍是孤岛式的个案民族志探究。与此不同,马氏弟子、中国社会学人类学开拓者费孝通先生基于中国这一超社会的、复合的文明体,发展了马林诺夫斯基的社区研究方法,从两方面对其进行改造:在空间上,以实在论主张替代马氏的经验批判主义观念,采用类型比较法接近中国社会之整体,改造民族志方法;在时间上,把“活历史”奠基于人性,将非历史的功能主义进行从个体到社会再到民族的历史性扩展,使其适应于历史文明的研究。通过方法论的时空重组,费孝通实现了功能主义的中国转化,为“社会科学中国化”提供了一个范例。

The founder of modern anthropology,Malinowski,attempted to study cultural interaction and change in the later stages of his academic career.However,his main methodological legacy remained the ethnographic approach of isolated cases.China is a supra-societal and complex civilization.Based on this civilization,Fei Xiaotong,a disciple of Malinowski and a pioneer of Chinese sociology and anthropology,developed Malinowski's research method.He transformed it in two ways:spatially,he advocated realism to replace Malinowski's empirical criticism,using typological comparison to approach Chinese society as a whole,and modifying the ethnographic methods;temporarily,he grounded"living history"on human nature,expanding the functionalism from individuals to society and then to nations,making it suitable for the study of historical civilizations.It was through the spatio-temporally methodological reconfiguration that Fei achieved a transformation of functionalism in the Chinese context,providing an example for"sinicization of social sciences".