论个人破产“诚实而不幸”司法认定的不足与完善

On the Deficiency and Perfection of Judicial Determination of “Honest and Unfortunate” in Personal Bankruptcy

“诚实而不幸”是债务人申请个人破产的前提条件,但现行的法律法规以及司法解释并未厘定其具体内涵和构成要件。实证研究发现,现阶段司法实践对债务人“诚实而不幸”的认定需要满足“正当性原因负债”和“具有诚信品质”两个实体条件,同时还须“债权人同意”这一程序条件。以上条件对个人破产制度的适用构成重大障碍,且实体条件的认定也存在不少的现实难题。为此,可借鉴《德国破产法》的立法经验,重新厘定债务人“诚实而不幸”的具体内涵及其构成要件,同时建议引入个人破产的前置性程序,进而降低个人破产制度的适用门槛,更好实现个人破产的制度功能。

“Honesty and unfortunate” is the prerequisite for debtors to apply for personal bankruptcy,but current laws,regulations,and judicial interpretations have not determined its specific connotation and constituent elements.Through empirical research,it has been found that in current judicial practice,the recognition of the debtor as “honest and unfortunate” requires two substantive conditions:“due to legitimate reasons for debt” and “possessing good faith quality”,as well as the procedural condition of “creditor consent”.The above conditions pose significant obstacles to the application of the personal bankruptcy system,and there are also many practical difficulties in determining the substantive conditions.To this end,the legislative experience of the German Bankruptcy Law can be used for reference to redefine the specific connotation and constituent elements of the debtor's “honesty and unfortunate”.At the same time,it is suggested to introduce a preliminary procedure for personal bankruptcy,thereby reducing the application threshold of the personal bankruptcy system and better realizing the institutional function of personal bankruptcy.