《1844年手稿》对费尔巴哈哲学的第三重超越

The Third Transcending Feuerbach’s Philosophy in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

马克思赋予了人的本质以新的内涵,这一主题可以视为马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中所实现的对费尔巴哈哲学的第三重超越,前两重超越可以概括为“回归自由自觉的活动”与对黑格尔哲学的辩证批判。尽管马克思在形式上借用“人的类本质”,但在阐述其核心内容时却悄添新意。他将人的本质界定为自觉能动的活动,而非道德层面上“理性”“意志”和“心(爱)”的统一体,人的本质不再是人本学自然的产物,而是社会的产物。同样,在马克思看来,确证人的本质的方式是社会现实的活动,人的本质也具有活动性和受动性的双重特征。可见此时的马克思已经开始潜在地超越费尔巴哈抽象的人本学。

Marx gave a new content to the species Being of human,which can be regarded as the third transcendence of Marx's philosophy of Feuerbach in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844.The first two transcendences can be summarized as “returning to free conscious activities” and dialectical criticism of Hegelian philosophy.Formally,Marx borrows Feuerbach's concept-species Being and highly praises Feuerbach's contributions,but quietly adds a new dimension to the elaboration of its core content.He defines the essence of human as a conscious and dynamic activity rather than the Feuerbachian moral dimension of “Vernunft”“Wille”“Herz”.At the same time,in Marx's view,the way to confirm the essence of human beings is through the activity of social reality.Species Being is a product from the society,and the essence of human beings also has a dual characteristic of activity and passivity.Therefore,Marx has already begun to transcend Feuerbach's abstract humanism.