冲刺间歇训练方式对有氧、无氧能力的影响及差异分析

Analysis of the Effects and Difference of Sprint Interval Training Mode on Aerobic and Anaerobic Abilities

目的:从骨骼肌无氧代谢角度比较不同冲刺间歇训练(SIT)方式对有氧、无氧能力的影响并分析其影响因素,意在针对不同训练目的制定科学合理的训练计划。方法:48名受试者随机分为8%阻力系数冲刺30s的训练方式A(A,n=10),9%阻力系数冲刺30s的训练方式B(B,n=9),8%阻力系数冲刺45s的训练方式C(C,n=10),9%阻力系数冲刺45s的训练方式D(D,n=8)进行为期4周,每周3次,5组,间歇5min的SIT训练。训练前后进行有氧和无氧能力相关测试(CMJ、立定跳远、30m、VO_(2max))、无氧功率(3个指标)、肌肉功能测试包括表面肌电(8个指标)、等速肌力(8个指标)测试。结果:(1)四种SIT对有氧、无氧测试成绩的影响:A方式可显著提高立定跳远、30m、VO_(2max)成绩(P<0.05);B方式可显著影响CMJ、立定跳远、30m、VO_(2max)成绩(P<0.05);C方式可显著提高30m、VO_(2max)成绩(P<0.05);D方式可显著提高30m冲刺成绩(P<0.01);ABD方式对VO_(2max)的提升效果具有显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)四种SIT影响有氧、无氧能力的因素:A方式在无氧和等速中筛选出3个因子解释对爆发力的影响,贡献率为75.89%,对速度和有氧能力未筛选出相关因子进行解释;B方式在无氧、肌电、等速中筛选出3个因子可解释对爆发力的影响,贡献率为65.09%,对速度和有氧能力未筛选出相关因子进行解释;C方式可在肌电、等速中分别筛选3个和5个因子对速度、有氧能力进行解释,贡献率为82.28%;D训练方式可从肌电和等速中筛选5个因子解释对爆发力和速度的影响,贡献率为81.68%,该方式对爆发力提升效果有限;(3)四种SIT方式后有氧、无氧测试成绩的差异肌电和等速因子的贡献率为37.15%,未筛选出无氧因子进行解释。结论:(1)冲刺时间为30s的A、B训练可作为爆发力训练的方式,四种SIT训练均可作为提升速度素质的方式,提升有氧能力时可选取A、B、D训练方式;(2)无氧和骨骼肌因素可作为解释四种SIT训练效果的重要贡献变量;(3)四种SIT训练方式造成无氧、有氧能力的差异与下肢骨骼肌平均功率频率及屈膝峰值力矩有关,但可解释程度有限,与Wingate峰值/平均功率及无氧功率递减率无关。

Objective:To make scientific and reasonable training plans for different training purposes by comparing the impact of different sprint interval training programs on aerobic and anaerobic abilities and analyzing the influencing factors from the perspective of skeletal muscle anaerobic metabolism.Methods:48 subjects were randomly divided into training method A(A,n=10)with an 8%resistance coefficient sprint for 30 seconds,training method B with a 9%resistance coefficient sprint for 30 seconds(B,n=9),training method C with an 8%resistance coefficient sprint for 45 seconds(C,n=10),training method D with a 9%resistance coefficient sprint for 45 seconds(D,n=8)for 4 weeks,3 times a week,5 times with an interval of 5 minutes'sprint interval training.Aerobic and anaerobic abilities test(CMJ,long jump,30m,VO_(2max)),anaerobic power(3 indicators),muscle function testing including surface electromyography(8 indicators),isokinetic muscle strength(8 indicators)were tested before and after training.Results:①The impact of four types of SITs on aerobic and anaerobic test:Mode A can significantly improve the scores of long jump,30m and VO_(2max)(P<0.05);Mode B can significantly affect the scores of CMJ,long jump,30m and VO_(2max)(P<0.05);Mode C can significantly improve the scores of 30m and VO_(2max)(P<0.05);Mode D can significantly improve 30m sprint test(P<0.01);Mode ABD had significant difference in the increase of VO_(2max)(P<0.05);②The effects of four SIT methods on aerobic and anaerobic capacity:Method A screened 3 factors in anaerobic and isokinetic to explain their impact on power,with a contribution rate of 75.89%,while the non-screened factors for speed and aerobic capacity were explained;Method B screened 3 factors from anaerobic,electromyography and isokinetic to explain their impact on power,with a contribution rate of 65.09%,and explained the non-screened factors of speed and aerobic capacity;Method C can screen 3 and 5 factors from electromyography and isokinetic to explain the velocity and aerobic capacity,with a contribution rate of 82.28%;The D training method can screen 5 factors from electromyography and isokinetic to explain their impact on power and speed,with a contribution rate of 81.68%,which has limited effect on power improvement;③The contribution rate of electromyography and isokinetic to the difference in aerobic and anaerobic test after four SIT methods is 37.15%,and no anaerobic factors can be selected for explanation.Conclusion:①A and B training with a sprint time of 30s can be used as power training methods;4 kinds of SIT training can be used as training methods to improve speed ability;A,B and D training modes can be selected when improving aerobic capacity;②Anaerobic and skeletal muscle factors can be used as important contribution variables to explain the effects of four kinds of SIT training;③The difference of aerobic and anaerobic abilities caused by the 4 SIT training modes is related to the MPF of lower limb skeletal muscle and the peak torque of knee flexion,but the degree of interpretation is limited.It is independent of Wingate peak/average power and anaerobic power decline rate.