法经济学视角下碳排放权的法律属性探析

Analysis on the Legal Attribute of Carbon Emission Right from the Perspective of Law and Economics

随着“3060双碳”目标的提出,中国在碳排放交易制度上的步伐正逐步加快,但与之匹配的法律体系建设却进度迟缓。学界目前主要争议点在于碳排放权法律性质在公私属性上的界定问题,基于市场自由交易思想的物权说和基于政府分配行为的行政规制说相持不下。作为法学与经济学交叉学科,法经济学提供的全新研究视角与方法可对我国构建碳排放交易法律体系的学理研究有所助益,科斯定理及其蕴含的法经济学思想在碳排放权及其交易制度研究领域具有较强的理论适用性。在法经济学视角下,对私有产权的清晰界定是进行市场交易的前提,碳排放权的财产权属性是碳排放权交易机制得以良好运作的内在需求,而碳排放权作为一种脱胎于公权的特殊私权利,其法律属性应为具有公私二重性的准用益物权。承认碳排放权的准用益物权属性,可促进政府及市场各主体在交易过程中各自发挥的功能,减少各方博弈可能造成的资源浪费,进一步降低执法成本,以确保社会资源的最优配置,最终达到高效治理环境污染的目的。

With the introduction of the“3060 Dual Carbon”goal,China’s pace in developing a carbon emission trading system is gradually accelerating.However,progress in constructing a matching legal framework has been slow.The current academic debate mainly revolves around the definition of the legal nature of carbon emissions rights in terms of public and private property,with the property rights theory based on the concept of free market trade and the administrative regulation theory based on government allocation struggling to reach a consensus.As an interdisciplinary field of law and economics,the new research perspectives and methods offered by law and economics can be helpful in the theoretical research of constructing China’s legal system for carbon emission trading.The Coase theorem and the law and economics ideas it contains have strong theoretical applicability in the field of carbon emissions rights and trading systems research.From the perspective of law and economics,a clear definition of private property rights is a prerequisite for market transactions.The property rights attribute of carbon emissions rights is an inherent requirement for the effective operation of the carbon emissions trading mechanism.As a special private right derived from public power,the legal nature of carbon emissions rights should be a quasi-useful property right with both public and private attributes.This can promote the respective functions of government and market entities in the transaction process,reduce resource waste caused by possible games played by various parties,further reduce enforcement costs,and ensure the optimal allocation of social resources to ultimately achieve the goal of efficient governance of environmental pollution.