清代文官的组织人口学研究(1830—1911)

The Organizational Demography of the Qing Civil Service(1830-1911)

中国历史官员量化数据库——(清)缙绅录(CGED-Q JSL)中文官的纵向关联记录揭示了19世纪清代文官整体的职业动态。定量分析的结果表明,清代官僚系统的总体情况就像一个当代的大型组织,文官离职率在任职的第一年内很高,然后下降,之后趋于稳定。19世纪下半叶,官员的离职率整体下降,但于清末十年中上升。官员离职率下降导致拥有功名的候缺待补官员群体谋求仕途和进一步晋升的机会不断减少。同时,异途官员的人数不断增加,加剧了官场竞争。不同类别、品级官员的职业动态在不同历史时期的变化趋势差异较大,尤其是高品级官员的离职率对清代后期的官场平衡具有深刻影响。清代文官的职业动态一方面揭示了清代文官组织人口学的基本特征,另一方面也为解释清代特定官员群体或特定时期的官员个案研究提供了重要参考。

Longitudinally linked records of officials in the China Government Employee Database—Jinshenlu(CGED-Q JSL),reveals the overall career dynamics of civil officials in the Qing Dynasty in the 19th century.The results of quantitative analysis show that the overall situation of the Qing bureaucratic system is like a large contemporary organization,the exit rate of civil officials in the first year of service were high and then low and stable afterward.In the second half of the 19th century,the overall exit rate of officials declined,but in the late decade of the Qing,the exit rate of officials increased.The decline in the exit rate of officials highlight the increased challenges faced by degree holders hoping for appointment and officials hoping for promotion.Meanwhile,the numbers of holders of purchased degrees were increasing,were competing for office.The career of officials of different categories and grades varied greatly in different historical periods,especially the exit rate of high grade officials had a profound impact on the official balance in the late Qing.The results not only illuminate basic features of the organizational demography of Qing officialdom,but also provide a baseline for interpreting results from case studies of specific groups of officials or specific time periods.