中国宪法上基本权利法律保留的生成与构造

The Formation and Structure of the Statutory Reservations of Fundamental Rights in the Chinese Constitution

基本权利法律保留不是对行政权的限制,而是对立法权的指示和约束。从宪法功能的转型、宪法文本的形成与演进、宪法实施机制的发展来看,应当从规范的层面检视我国现行宪法中的基本权利法律保留。宪法文本确立了差异化法律保留的体系,包括简单法律保留、特别法律保留、无法律保留、内容形成保留以及财产权条款的特殊情形。制宪史表明,《宪法》第51条并不阻碍差异化法律保留的成立。《宪法》第51条设定的无法律保留的基本权利的限制事由可以被限缩解释,从而既能适用于附带简单法律保留及特别法律保留的基本权利,又能彰显差异化保留的规范意义。差异化法律保留亦可为解决基本权利冲突、区分立法的合宪性审查基准提供指引。

The statutory reservation of fundamental rights is not a restriction on administrative power,but a directive and constraint on legislative power.From the perspective of the transformation of the functions of the Constitution,the formation and evolution of constitutional texts,and the development of the implementation mechanisms of the Constitution,it is necessary to change the angle of examination and scrutinize the statutory reservation of fundamental rights in the current Chinese Constitution from a normative dimension.The text of the Constitution adopts the structure of differentiated statutory reservations,including simple reservations,qualified reservations,non-reservation,content-forming reservations,and the special circumstances of the articles on property rights.The history of the formulation of the Constitution indicates that Article 51 of the Constitution does not constitute an obstacle to the structure of differentiated statutory reservations;Article 51 defines the reasons for restricting unreserved fundamental rights.This can be interpreted in a limited way,making possible the application to fundamental rights with simple and qualified reservations and simultaneously highlighting the normative significance of differentiated reservations and avoiding the hollowing-out of fundamental rights protection.The structure of differentiated statutory reservations can also provide guidance for resolving conflicts of fundamental rights and distinguishing the standards for constitutional review.