家务劳动社会化:市场改革初期的再生产转型

The Socialization of Domestic Work:The Transition of Social Reproduction in China's Early Market Reform Era

本文通过对北京市家政服务发展变迁的研究,聚焦分析20世纪80年代至90年代中期“家务劳动社会化”的实践,描绘其背后的国家立场、组织方式和文化建构,从而深化对市场改革与“生产—再生产”关系调整的认识。在这一时期,国家总体上延续了集体化时期的理念,肯定再生产劳动的社会价值,认同以社会化的方式解决家务问题。然而随着经济体制改革的推行,社会再生产的责任主体逐渐向私人家庭转移。国家在意识形态层面维持了对社会再生产的道义责任,但介入形式从通过单位制进行统筹安排转变为协调组织社会力量为家庭服务。在组织方式上,妇联通过创办的三八家务服务公司调配农村年轻女性进入城市家庭服务,形成了具有代表性的组织输送模式。在文化认知上,保姆工作总体而言被建构成一种社会互助形式,在公共层面被视为社会主义劳动分工中的一环,其社会价值得到高度承认;在日常实践中借由“帮忙”这一通俗观念,农村保姆和城市家庭的关系被社会情理化,涵盖在“家”的隐喻中。

This article examines domestic services in Beijing between the 1980s and the mid⁃1990s to delineate the practice of“socializa⁃tion of domestic work”including its political,organizational and cultural underpinnings.It seeks to deepen our understanding of the changes in the relationships between production and reproduction since the start of market reforms in China.During this period,the state still held to the ideology of the collective era,affirming the public value of reproductive labor and endorsing a socialized approach to address the issue of domestic work.However,with the implementation of economic system reforms,the responsibility for social reproduction gradually shifted to private households.At the ideological level,the state maintained its moral responsibility for social reproduction,but its intervention shif⁃ted from centralized planned operations through work units to coordinated societal forces for the organization of domestic services.Women's Federation established the March Eighth Domestic Service Company to arrange for young rural women to enter urban households.This or⁃ganization of domestic service workforce represented a model of state⁃directed labor supply.Culturally,domestic work was overall projected as a form of mutual assistance.It was publicly recognized as a component in the socialist division of labour with values worthy of high ap⁃praisal.In daily practices,borrowing from a common expression of someone“helping out”with the urban family,the relationship between the rural domestic worker and her employer was rationalized through the cultural appropriation of the normal operation in the“family”.