清代学额与文风关系——基于江苏方志的考察

The Relationship Between Qing Dynasty Schooling Quotas and LiteraryCustoms--A Survey Based on Jiangsu Local Records

清代配置学额时,包含了对文风定性和定量的双重衡量。清代以“清真雅正”的文风定性标准与应考童生数量两者,判定文风高下,从而影响地方学额。但因缺乏记载童生数的系统资料,导致文风作为学额标准的定量考察一直被搁置。而学田可替代童生数作为衡量文风的量化指标,从而弥补缺失。江苏省丰富翔实的方志资料提供确切的学田数据,经比对学额与学田,发现两者具有正向关系。这间接确证文风是学额的重要依据,也说明清代评判文风不只依据主观判断的定性标准,还包含可客观评判的定量标准。

The allocation of schooling quotas during Qing Dynasty contained the double measurements of literary customs by both quality and quantity.The literary customs were judged by both the qualitative standard of being"clearly truthful and elegantly upright"and the number of young graduates attending the imperial examinations,which in turn had an influence on the local schooling quotas.Yet due to lack of systematic references recording the number of young graduates,literary customs as the quantitative measurement and standard for schooling quotas had long been laid aside.Xuetian,or school-owned land,as an alternative to the number of young graduates,and a quantitative measurement of literary customs,could amend what was missing.The rich and detailed local records references of Jiangsu Province can provide accurate data of school-owned land.Through comparison of school quotas and school-owned land,we can discover a positive correlation between the two.This indirectly proved that literary customs were important basis for schooling quotas,and showed that the evaluation of literary customs was not only based on qualitative standard of subjective judgement,but also on quantitative standard that can be objectively evaluated.