马克思视野中的斯宾诺莎哲学及其内在张力--以《神圣家族》为中心的考察

Marx’s View of Spinoza’s Philosophy and Its Internal Tension:An Investigation Centered on The Holy Family

《神圣家族》是理解马克思哲学思想与斯宾诺莎哲学之间关系的关键文本,隐含着马克思对斯宾诺莎哲学对比性复现、反差性评价和悬置性忽略的三重逻辑。马克思在回到与重新激活斯宾诺莎哲学的过程中对比性复现出黑格尔哲学与斯宾诺莎哲学之间的客观性联系,批判了鲍威尔思辨神学对斯宾诺莎哲学和黑格尔哲学的双重误解;马克思通过对斯宾诺莎哲学的形而上学性质予以反差性评价,反思了以黑格尔哲学代表的思辨形而上学传统和理性主义启蒙路径;以英国与法国的唯物主义为锚点,马克思通过对斯宾诺莎哲学的悬置性忽略,在德国的观念论传统之外勾勒出以人本唯物主义为核心的唯物主义发展史脉络,展现出现实的人类解放维度与人类解放现实基础的必然理论关联。

The Holy Family is an essential work of young Marx.The rise of contemporary Western“Spinozist Marxism”has rediscovered the key position of The Holy Family in understanding young Marx’s philosophical thoughts.However,their purpose is only to splice Marx’s thoughts and deconstruct Hegelian Marxism from the perspective of Spinoza’s philosophy rather than returning to Marx’s true thought.Marx’s understanding of Spinoza’s philosophy in The Holy Family has a triple ascending logic:“comparative reappearance”,“contrastive evaluation”and“suspensive neglect”.Firstly,by comparing Bauer’s and Hegel’s related statements about Spinoza’s philosophy,Marx“comparatively reappeared”the objective connection between Spinoza’s philosophy and Hegel’s philosophy in the process of returning to and reactivating Spinoza’s philosophy,thereby criticizing Bauer’s speculative theology’s dual misunderstanding of Spinoza’s philosophy and Hegel’s philosophy.Secondly,Hegel’s philosophy is the theoretical foundation of Bauer’s speculative theology.By denying Spinoza,directing his critical goal towards Hegel’s speculative metaphysics,and reflecting on the enlightenment path of rationalism,Marx explored the hidden materialistic content under Hegel’s speculative form.Guided by the“contrastive evaluation”of Spinoza’s philosophy,Marx launched a metaphysical critique of Hegel’s philosophy.Finally,in the process of expounding the history of materialism,Marx made a“suspensive neglect”of Spinoza’s philosophy,creating a historical context of materialism that was diametrically opposed to the history of Hegel’s philosophy.Hegel’s exposition of the history of philosophy is the logical and historical development of his speculative metaphysical system.However,Hegel focuses on the conceptual history of Spinoza’s philosophy in which the concept of entity undergoes internal movement and eventually develops into absolute spirit,rather than the historical development of realistic materialism.Through his“suspensive neglect”of Spinoza’s philosophy,Marx“inverted”the history of Hegel’s philosophy,and based on humanitarianism as the evaluation criterion divided the dual origins of French materialism,demonstrating the inevitable theoretical relationship between materialism and socialism&communism.Marx’s“comparative reappearance”,“contrastive evaluation”,and“suspensive neglect”of Spinoza’s philosophy in The Holy Family indicate that Marx has consciously distanced himself from the understanding of materialism under the system of German idealism and re-anchored the foundation of materialism in the tradition of British and French materialism,thereby allowing him to construct the inevitable connection between materialism and socialism&communism under the control of humanistic logic.The suspension of Spinoza’s philosophy constitutes a theoretical opportunity for Marx to communicate the connection between the system of German ideologies and modern philosophy.In the process of this theoretical leap,Marx found the origin of humanistic materialism in the tradition of British and French materialism,and connected it with political and economic issues,thereby integrating the dimensions of human liberation in reality with the practical foundation of human liberation.