“因政”与“因俗”:“一国两制”的类型学分析

A Typology Analysis of“One Country,Two Systems”in Chinese History

广义上理解,中国历史上有过丰富多样的“一国两制”实践形式,港澳模式并非“一国两制”的全部。中国历史上的“一国两制”可以按照国家统一所面临的核心差异分为“因政”和“因俗”两大类。其中“因政”类解决的是政权差异问题,可细分为别治、并治、参治三种形态;“因俗”类解决的是社会差异问题,可细分为自治、分治两种形态。分类梳理中国历史上“一国两制”的实践形式,可以为探索“两制”台湾方案提供可资参考的案例。需要注意的是,前现代王朝国家和现代国家的统一既有联系也有区别,应辩证看待历史经验的现实意义。

Throughout Chinese history,there have been diverse practices of“One Country,Two Systems”,with the Hong Kong and Macao models representing only a part of this spectrum.We can divide“One Country,Two Systems”in Chinese history into two categories:those driven by regime governance(“regime driven”)and those driven by social factors(“society driven”).The“regime driven”category addresses differences in governance.It can be further subdivided into three forms:separate governance,parallel governance,and joint government.The“society driven”category deals with social differences and is subdivided into two forms:self-governance and differentiated governance.Classifying and examining the historical practices of“One Country,Two Systems”in Chinese history can provide reference cases for designing the“Two Systems”solution to the Taiwan question.It is worth noting that there are both similarities and distinctions between the unification processes of pre-modern states and modern states.Consequently,the relevance of historical experiences as references for current realities should be considered in a dialectical manner.