明清文学作品中塾师被丑化和嘲讽的原因探析

An analysis of the reasons why private teachers were vilified and ridiculed in the literary works of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

塾师是古代承担启蒙教育的老师,是中国历史上不可忽视的特殊群体。明清时期的塾师,他们因科考失意且多出身寒门,仕途上的穷困和经济上的清贫使得他们只能以舌耕为业,落魄塾师成为他们的代名词。塾师的悲惨境遇本应得到世俗的同情,但在明清文学作品中,塾师成为被丑化、嘲讽的对象。这种不谀反讽现象,既带有文人自嘲、情感共鸣因素,也具有作者童年记忆、社会观念转变等原因。

Private teachers were the teachers who undertook the enlightenment education in ancient times,and they were a special group that could not be ignored in Chinese history.The private teachers of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were frustrated in the scientific examination and most of them were from poor families.The poverty in the official career and the poverty in the economy made them only work with their tongue.The depressed teachers became their synonym.The tragic situation of private teachers should have been sympathized by the common people,but in the literary works of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,private teachers became the object of vilification and ridicule.This phenomenon of non-flattery and irony is not only due to the factors of self-mockery and emotional resonance,but also due to the authors’childhood memory and social concept change.